Fig 1.
Flow chart showing the selection process for injured patients included in the analyses.
ED, emergency department; ELST, emergency life-saving technician; EP, emergency physician; TAE, transcatheter arterial embolization.
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of injured patients requiring emergency surgery or transcatheter arterial embolization.
Fig 2.
Preoperative time course in injured patients requiring emergency surgery or TAE: EP-staffed vs. ELST-staffed ambulance.
Elapsed time from emergency call to ED arrival and arrival in the operating room or catheterization laboratory in the full cohort (A) and PS-matched cohort (B). Circles represent the median, and error bars represent the 25th and 75th percentiles. Box plots of ED LOS in the full (C) and PS-matched (D) cohorts. ED LOS is defined as time from ED arrival to operating room or catheterization laboratory arrival. Solid line inside the box represents the median, x represents the mean, the box represents the 25th and 75th percentiles, the whiskers represent the lower and upper extremes, and the circles represent outliers. ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, and *P < 0.05 using the Mann–Whitney U test. ED, emergency department; ELST, emergency life-saving technician; EP, emergency physician; LOS, length of stay; TAE, transcatheter arterial embolization.
Fig 3.
Odds ratios for in-hospital mortality among injured patients: EP-staffed ambulance versus ELST-staffed ambulance.
The reference set was the group of injured patients transported to the ED by ELST-staffed ambulances. aAdjusted for PS as described in the Methods. CI, confidence interval, ELST, emergency life-saving technician; EP, emergency physician; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; OR, odds ratio; PS, propensity score.
Fig 4.
Differences in hospital LOS and disposition location among survivors: EP-staffed ambulance versus ELST-staffed ambulance.
Hospital LOS among survivors in the full (A) and PS-matched (B) cohorts. Solid line inside the box represents the median, x represents the mean, the box represents the 25th and 75th percentiles, the whiskers represent the lower and upper extremes, and the circles represent outliers. Disposition location of survivors in the full (C) and PS-matched (D) cohorts. **Adjusted standardized residual > 1.96 and *adjusted standardized residual < −1.96. ELST, emergency life-saving technician; EP, emergency physician; LOS, length of stay; PS, propensity score.