Table 1.
Data about the bone element broken by each individual (number of ID, element used, side).
Table 2.
Data about the individuals for each series.
Fig 1.
Bone areas by portions and sides.
Portion 1 (p1): proximal articular end; Portion 2 (p2): proximal diaphysis; Portion 3 (p3): medial diaphysis; Portion 4 (p4): distal diaphysis; Portion 5 (p5): distal articular end and Anterior (a), Posterior (p), Medial (m) and Lateral (l) side (adapted from [62]; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216733.s004).
Table 3.
Individual and bone position for each bone element.
Table 4.
Results of analyses of long bone remains.
Table 5.
Scales of difficulty felt during the experiment and of the marrow quality auto-evaluated by the experimenters themselves for all the elements and for each one.
Fig 2.
Box plots of the Efficiency Index.
Efficiency Index by Individual during the experiment regarding the third first tries, the last seventh tries and all tries.
Fig 3.
PCA analyses of variable tested.
PCA regarding the number of identified remains (NISP), the number of percussion marks (NPM), the Efficiency Index and the number of attempts (Series Number) with ellipses at 0.95.
Table 6.
Type of percussion marks by individual and by element on NISP.
Fig 4.
Distribution of percussion marks of individual series merged along the humerus, the radio-ulnas, femurs and tibias.
The type of percussion mark are red star: crushing marks, white triangle: pits and grooves and grey circle: notches and adhering flakes.
Fig 5.
Optimized hot spot analysis of combined percussion marks from the humerus in each series.
A- Individual n°1; B- Individual n°7; C- Individual n°11; D- Merged humerus series (Ind.: Individual).
Fig 6.
Optimized hot spot analysis of combined percussion marks from the humerus in each series. A-E- Individual n°1; B-F- Individual n°7; C-G- Individual n°11; D-H- Merged humerus series; A, B, C and D: “CNA” Percussion marks and E, F, G and H: pits and grooves (Ind.: Individual).
Fig 7.
Optimized hot spot analysis of combined percussion marks from the radio-ulnas in each series.
A- Individual n°2; B- Individual n°9; C- Individual n°12; D- Merged radio-ulnas series (Ind.: Individual).
Fig 8.
Optimized hot spot analysis of combined percussion marks from the radio-ulnas in each series.
A-E- Individual n°2; B-F- Individual n°9; C-G- Individual n°12; D-H- Merged radio-ulnas series; A, B, C and D: “CNA” Percussion marks and E, F, G and H: pits and grooves (Ind.: Individual).
Fig 9.
Optimized hot spot analysis of combined percussion marks from the femurs in each series.
A- Individual n°3; B- Individual n°5; C- Individual n°8; D- Merged femurs series (Ind.: Individual).
Fig 10.
Optimized hot spot analysis of combined percussion marks from the femurs in each series.
A-E- Individual n°3; B-F- Individual n°5; C-G- Individual n°8; D-H- Merged femurs series; A, B, C and D: “CNA” Percussion marks and E, F, G and H: pits and grooves (Ind.: Individual).
Fig 11.
Optimized hot spot analysis of combined percussion marks from the tibias in each series.
A- Individual n°4; B- individual n°6; C- Individual n°10; D- Merged tibias series(Ind.: Individual).
Fig 12.
Optimized hot spot analysis of combined percussion marks from the tibias in each series.
A-E- Individual n°4; B-F- Individual n°6; C-G- Individual n°10; D-H- Merged tibias series; A, B, C and D: “CNA” Percussion marks and E, F, G and H: pits and grooves (Ind.: Individual).
Table 7.
Listing of different experiment of bone breakage for marrow extraction and comparing data.
Fig 13.
Location of percussion marks (grey areas) for the humerus, radio-ulna, femur, and tibia for sites from the Middle Paleolithic.
Sites: Bolomor cave (ungulates: Blasco et al., 2013.) and Abri du Maras (middle sized-ungulates: [61]); the Upper Paleolithic: Combe Saunière (reindeer, Solutrean: Castel, 1999), Cuzoul de Vers (reindeer, Badegoulian: [73]), Saint-Germain-la-Rivière, Lower Unit (saiga antelope, Lower Magdalenian: [74]) and Upper Unit (saiga antelope: [19]), Rond du Barry (ibex, Upper Magdalenian: [74]), for these series the data regarding the femurs were missing and most of the tibias did not present higher tendencies; Current: Nunamiut people of Alaska (reindeer: [9] and the results of our experiment regarding the CNA). Adapted to [19].