Fig 1.
Chemical structures of the biologically active sterols (compounds 1–5) isolated from the hexane extract of L. japonica.
Fig 2.
Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and -2) enzyme inhibitory activities sterols (1–5) from the hexane extract of L. japonica and cholesterol were tested at 25 μg/mL concentration.
Commercial NSAIDs aspirin, ibuprofen, Celebrex® and naproxen used as positive control and tested at 108, 12, 1 and 12 μg/mL, respectively. The varying concentrations of positive controls used were to yield a comparable activity profile between 50–100% by test compounds and positive controls alike. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation of each data point (n = 2).
Fig 3.
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibitory activities of sterols (1–5) isolated from the hexane extract of L. japonica and commercial cholesterol tested at 25 μg/mL.
Commercial antioxidants BHA, BHT and TBHQ used as positive controls at 1.8, 2.2 and 1.6 μg/mL. The oxidation of lipid was initiated by the addition of Fe2+ ions. The varying concentrations of positive controls used were to yield a comparable activity profiles between 50–100% by test compounds and positive controls alike. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation of each data point (n = 2).
Table 1.
Docking results of all the 5 sterols against COX-1 and -2 receptors.
Fig 4.
Molecular docking of COX-1 with compounds 1–5.
Different compounds were located in different active pockets. Compounds 1 and 4 were located in the hydrophobic pocket A of COX-1 (Comp. 1 shown in green, Comp.4 shown in yellow), compounds 2 and 3 were located in the pocket B of COX-1 (Comp.2 shown in cyan, Comp.3 shown in magenta), while compound 5 was located in the pocket C (Comp.5 shown in salmon).
Fig 5.
Molecular docking of COX-2 with compounds 1–5.
Different compounds were located in different active pockets. Compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4 were located in the hydrophobic pocket A of COX-2 (Comp. 1 shown in green, Comp.2 shown in cyan, Comp.3 shown in magenta, Comp.4 shown in yellow), while compound 5 was located in the pocket B (Comp.5 shown in salmon).
Fig 6.
3-D docked poses of COX-1 and -2 with five sterols (compounds 1–5).
The first column represents COX-1 and the second column represents COX-2. The rows present: A) compound 1, B) compound 2, C) compound 3, D) compound 4, E) compound 5.