Fig 1.
Patient enrollment and categorization.
ED, emergency department; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; OHCA, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; RRT, renal replacement therapy; AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease; SubKI, subclinical kidney injury; URD, undetermined renal disfunction.
Fig 2.
Critical illness and eGFR ranges.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICU, intensive care unit. Critical illness was defined as the composite endpoint of death or ICU requirement.
Table 1.
Screening analysis: All adult ED patients.
Table 2.
Full analysis: Summary of the patient characteristics, clinical variables, and outcomes.
Fig 3.
Baseline and ED measurement of creatinine and eGFR.
AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease; SubKI, subclinical kidney injury; URD, undetermined renal dysfunction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. By definition, there is no baseline measurement of creatinine or eGFR for URD.
Table 3.
Summary of demographics, clinical variables, and outcomes by different types of renal dysfunction.
Table 4.
Univariate logistic regression model for factors associated with clinical outcomes.
Table 5.
Multivariate logistic regression model for factors associated with clinical outcomes.
Fig 4.
Comparison between eGFR by Japanese MDRD and other formulas.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. The solid line represents the level where Japanese MDRD equals to the other formula compared. The dashed line represents the eGFR value of 60 mL/min/1.73m2 by other formulas (original MDRD or CKD-EPI), which is the cutoff for the study enrollment. The patients above this dashed line would be excluded from the full analysis if eGFR were calculated with the other formulas (original MDRD or CKD-EPI).
Fig 5.
Effect sizes on critical illness in different eGFR formulas.
OR, odds ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; AKI, acute kidney injury; URD, undetermined renal dysfunction. For eGFR, OR for 10 mL/min/1.73m2 of eGFR decrease were shown.
Table 6.
Comparison of patients with reduced ED eGFR based on different formulas.
Fig 6.
Effect sizes on critical illness by different BMI subgroups.
Underweight, BMI < 18.5 kg/m2; normal weight, BMI of 18.5–25 kg/m2; obese, BMI ≧ 25 kg/m2. OR, odds ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; AKI, acute kidney injury; URD, undetermined renal dysfunction; BMI, body mass index. For eGFR, OR for 10 mL/min/1.73m2 of eGFR decrease were shown.
Table 7.
Characteristics of BMI subgroups.
Table 8.
Area under receiver operating characteristic curve for clinical outcomes by continuous predictor variables.