Fig 1.
Lectotype of Parapuzosia (P.) seppenradensis from Westfalia, Germany.
The specimen was collected in 1894 near Seppenrade. LWL-Museum for Natural History, Münster. Photo: CI. Scale: 100 mm.
Fig 2.
Distribution of giant Parapuzosia in the Santonian—Early Campanian.
Area of dots approximates abundance of specimens. Abbreviations: CB: Cretaceous Basins of Europe, GM: Gulf of Mexico, WIS: Western Interior Seaway. Maps modified [from 8] under a CC BY license, with permission from deeptimemaps.org, original copyright 2016.
Fig 3.
Stratigraphic distribution of Parapuzosia and their diameters from the English Chalk of east Kent and Sussex, U.K., and from Tepeyac, northern Coahuila, Mexico.
Chalk sections are [redrawn from 14, 15]. Colors refer to growth stages in P. (P.) seppenradensis (see also Fig 5). δ13C distribution in the Chalk from [4]. The East Kent and Sussex sections are correlated by bio- and lithostratigraphy, correlation to Mexico by δ13C chemostratigraphy. Abreviations for biostratigraphy: M. corangium: Micraster corangium M. (D.) delaw.: Menabites (Delawarella) delawarense, M. (D.) tequesqu.: Menabites (Delawarella) tequesquitense, M.t. and M. testud.: Marsupites testudinarius, O. p.: Offaster pilula, U. soc.: Uintacrinus socialis.
Fig 4.
Ontogenetic stages of Parapuzosia (P.) seppenradensis from the Jiménez area of Coahuila, north-eastern Mexico.
A–B: juvenile stage 1, drawn from CPC–2204 from bed TPY 77. C–D: juvenile stage 3 (inner) and 4 (outer whorl), drawn from CPC–2206, macroconch from bed TPY 57 in lateral (C) and apertural view (D). E: juvenile stages 3–4 (inner) and 5 (outer whorl), drawn from CPC–2201, microconch from bed TPY57. Note that stage 5 is reached at a rather small diameter. F-G: macroconch juvenile stage 4, subadult stage 5 in the last quarter whorl, drawn from CPC–1000, precise origin within the Jiménez area is unknown. Drawings by CI. Scale bar = 100 mm.
Fig 5.
Shell diameter and associated growth stage in Parapuzosia (P.) seppenradensis.
The specimens from Mexico, Texas, Montana, England and Germany are separated after microconchs (left) and macroconchs (right). Colours refer to ontogenetic stages.