Table 1.
A brief description of GWAS summary statistics for modifiable risk factors.
Fig 1.
The basic principles underlying Mendelian randomization.
Fig 1A is the three assumptions for Mendelian randomization analysis. Fig 1B is the basic principles of bi-directional Mendelian randomization. SNP is the single nucleotide polymorphism and IV is the instrumental variable.
Fig 2.
Forest plot of main MR results with lung cancer as the outcome.
Exposure represents risk factors; NSNP is the number of SNPs used to estimate the causal effect size; OR is the odds ratio; 95%LCI is the lower limit of 95% confidence interval; 95%UCL is the upper limit of 95% confidence interval. BMI is the body mass index; WHR is the waist-to-hip ratio; DBP is the diastolic blood pressure; SBP is the systolic blood pressure; HDL is the high-density lipoprotein; LDL is the low-density lipoprotein; 2-h glucose is the 2-hour glucose level of the oral glucose tolerance test. The units of effect measures are per 1-SD increase for continuous exposures and 1-unit increase in log OR of binary exposures.
Fig 3.
Forest plot of MR results treating the number of cigarettes per day as the outcome.
Exposure represents risk factors; NSNP is the number of SNPs used to estimate the causal effect size; BETA is the effect size; 95%LCI is the lower limit of 95% confidence interval; 95%UCL is the upper limit of 95% confidence interval; BMI is the body mass index; WHR is the waist-to-hip ratio; DBP is the diastolic blood pressure; SBP is the systolic blood pressure; HDL is the high-density lipoprotein; LDL is the low-density lipoprotein; 2-h glucose is the 2-hour glucose level of the oral glucose tolerance test. The units of effect measures are per 1-SD increase for continuous exposures and 1-unit increase in log OR of binary exposures.
Fig 4.
MR analysis of the effect of smoking initiation on lung cancer.
Fig 4A is the scatter plot of the MR result. Fig 4B is the forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity result.
Fig 5.
MR analysis of the effect of smoking cessation on lung cancer.
Fig 5A is the scatter plot of the MR result. Fig 5B is the forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity result.
Fig 6.
MR analysis of the effect of cigarettes per day of lung cancer.
Fig 6A is the scatter plot of the MR result. Fig 6B is the forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity result.