Fig 1.
Flow chart showing the proposed remanufacturing process.
Table 1.
Economic, technical, and environmental comparisons of the WSS–MSS remanufacturing process and machine-based dismantling.
Fig 2.
Flow chart showing the distribution of the total weight of steel in an end-of-life car between the various waste streams [2].
Table 2.
VE and VA values for energy, water, and materials usage used for the economic analysis.
Table 3.
VE and VA values for energy (TJ) considering the three different steel source scenarios used for the technical analysis.
Table 4.
VE and VA values for CO2 reductions (million kg of CO2) used for the environmental analysis.
Table 5.
Weight, efficiency, and calculated index values for the three different steel recycling cases.
Table 6.
Linguistic terms used in the FFBW sustainability analysis.
Table 7.
Comparison of the best criterion "ease of disassembly" and the worst criterion "ease of flattening" with all other criteria.
Table 8.
Comparison of the best component "roof" and the worst component "front fender" with all other components.
Table 9.
Criterion constraints.
Table 10.
Car part alternative constraints.
Fig 3.
Definition of topological discontinuities.
Photographs showing representative topological discontinuities that are commonly found in sheets from ELVs.
Table 11.
Topological discontinuity constraints.
Fig 4.
Estimation of sustainability performance variation of WSS from different passenger car designs.
Fig 5.
Fitting of the SI variation of WSS from different passenger car designs with SI values in the upper region of Fig 4.
Fig 6.
Fitting of the SI variation of WSS from different passenger car designs with SI values in the middle region of Fig 4.
Fig 7.
Fitting of the SI variation of WSS from different passenger car designs with SI values in the lower region of Fig 4.
Table 12.
Scenario based analysis.