Table 1.
The primer sequence of the studied genes.
Fig 1.
Fig (1-a) Photomicrograph of transverse section (TS) in the cortical compact bone of the tibia of the rat sham-operated control group, demonstrated normal structure of the cortical compact bone with outer periosteum (P), matrix containing blood vessels and osteocytes inside their lacunae and smooth endosteal surface (arrowhead). Fig (1-b): Photomicrograph of TS in the tibia of the untreated osteoporotic group showing: Multiple resorption cavities (R) and eroded endosteal surface. Fig (1-c) Photomicrograph of TS in the tibia of Carv-treated group showing apparently normal structure of the cortical bone with blood vessels and osteocytes inside their lacunae, yet eroded endosteal surface (arrowhead) was noted. Fig (1-d) Photomicrograph of TS in the tibia alendronate-treated showing preserved normal structure of the cortical compact bone. Scale bar 50 μm (H&E, x400).
Fig 2.
Photomicrograph of TS in the cortical compact bone of the tibia showing.
(Fig 2-a) sham-operated control group: Regularly arranged bone matrix illustrating bluish-stained collagen. (Fig 2-b) untreated osteoporotic group: Resorption cavities (R) with obvious reduction of the bluish-stained collagen content in the bone matrix. (Fig 2-c) Carv-treated group: Increase in the collagen of the bone matrix. (Fig 2-d) Alendronate-treated group: Increase in the bluish-stained collagen of the bone matrix. Scale bar 50 μm. (Masson’s Trichrome, x200).
Table 2.
Comparison of the mean values of serum ALP, OC and pyridinoline among the studied groups.
Table 3.
Comparison of the mean values of protein expression of OPG, RANKL and gene expression of MMP-9 among all the studied groups.
Table 4.
Comparison of the mean values of serum cholesterol, TGs and HDL among all studied groups.
Table 5.
Comparison of the mean values of serum TNF-α, IL-6, hsCR and Nitric oxide among all the studied groups.