Table 1.
Demographics and self-reported health in relation to rates (in %) of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores above ≥11 (case) plus mean and standard deviations (SD) of the scores among 1,293 participants in survey of adult residents of Philadelphia, PA, during the first wave of COVID-19 epidemic.
Fig 1.
Time trends in daily medians and inter-quartile range of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores for anxiety (a) and depression (b) since March 10, 2020, the date of data collection since diagnosis of the first COVID-19 case in Philadelphia, PA; horizonal line denotes score of 11 that is used to define a case; vertical line denotes day 87, when restriction on lock-down were relaxed.
Table 2.
Perceived sources of support, worries about the epidemic, and themes of reported most difficult experiences in relation to Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores among 1,293 participants in survey of adult residents of Philadelphia, PA, during the first wave of COVID-19 epidemic; means and standard deviations (SD) of support and worry scores are shown, as well as frequency (in %) of reported themes of most difficult experiences.
Fig 2.
Directed paths with loadings greater than 0.3, p<0.001: Inter-relation of HADS scores and specific worries.
Table 3.
Standardized scoring coefficients for the path diagram (Fig 2) of factor analysis of worries and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores: Maximum value per factor is given in bold.
Table 4.
Estimated coefficients of multiple regression models relating experiences of 1,293 participants in survey of adult residents of Philadelphia, PA, during the first wave of COVID-19 epidemic to (a) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores via negative binomial regression and (b) measures of hardships and fear of infection assessed by factor scores computed from reported specific worries via linear regression; RR: relative rates of change in one unit on the scale; CI: confidence intervals; p: p-values for the test of no association; all displayed estimates are mutually adjusted and account for gender, race, age, personal income, education, marital status, children <18 at home (there was no material change on further adjustment for employment, self-reported general health; comments on effect modification by gender are in text).