Fig 1.
Idealized complex adaptive system, disaggregated into components according to their function.
Here, potential vulnerability in each component of the food system (e.g. the availability of certain subsistence species, ability to access lands)—indicated by the box insert—is determined by the role of exogenous and endogenous stimuli and stressors, such as environmental change, the degree to which an individual has access to technology, or their access to entitlements. The ways in which these stimuli interact creates potential exposure-sensitivity (red) and adaptive capacity (blue) across time. The central ‘barcode’ illustrates this interaction and its dynamism, with the grey bars highlighting periods of adaptive deficit (vulnerability). Interconnectedness between components within the system allows vulnerability in a single component to affect or migrate to multiple other areas of the system through time, and to produce emergent/system wide changes (modified from Naylor et al. [20]).
Fig 2.
Map of Ulukhaktok and the other five communities within the inuvialuit settlement region of Inuit Nunangat.
From Naylor et al. [63].
Table 1.
Semi-structured interview protocol using conversational format for elicitation.
Fig 3.
Types of elicitation and data analysis.
a): real-time GPS tracking, import of data into QGIS 3.12 and ArcGIS 10.08, b) participant observation, c) participatory mapping and bi-weekly semi-structured/conversational interview. Basemap: Dark Grey Canvas (Attribution: Esri, HERE, Garmin, INCREMENT P, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS user community).
Fig 4.
Annotated and tracked GPS trails around Ulukhaktok June 2018—June 2020.
Includes locations of Inuinnait places visited and harvests and their relative mass of edible weight (kgs), recorded for the year 2019. Basemap: Esri World Imagery (Attribution: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community).
Table 2.
Distances travelled by year, mode of transport as part of the Tooniktoyok project, June 2018-June 2020.
Fig 5.
Day of the year on which break-up/freezeup occurred on the waters around Ulukhaktok, 1968–2019 (adapted from Fawcett et al. [78]).