Fig 1.
MERS-CoV-induced microRNA (miRNA) expression in primary human airway epithelial cells (GSE81852).
Two differentially expressed miRNAs (hsa-miR-4697-5p, hsa-miR-4521) clearly distinguish MERS-coronavirus (icMERS) infected from MOCK infected control cells; over 50% of predicted gene targets of both miRNAs are implicated in pro-viral, antiviral and/or immunomodulatory functions. Expression levels analyzed using principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses.
Fig 2.
Gene (mRNA) expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) obtained from SARS-CoV-1-infected patient blood samples (GSE1749).
Eleven genes, involved in innate immune responses and antiviral defense, clearly distinguish normal (N1-4) from SARS patient blood samples (S1-10). Expression levels analyzed using principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses.
Fig 3.
Dynamic temporal (12. 24, 48 hour) gene expression profiles distinguish coronavirus from Dhori virus-infected human bronchial epithelial (2B4) cells (GSE17400).
Principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses of SARS-CoV-infected, Dhori virus- (DHOV) infected and Mock-infected Calu-3 cells shows that at each time point, the dynamic gene expression profiles, 1) discriminates virus-infected from Mock-infected cells, 2) distinguishes between the two virus infected groups from each other, and 3) identify discriminating genes that are involved in transcriptional regulation of the host immune response. Hpi = hours post infection, MOI = multiplicity of infection.
Fig 4.
MicroRNA (miRNA) expression profiles identify similarities and differences between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infections of human airway epithelial cells (GSE148729).
Four hours after infection with SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, Mock virus or untreated, principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses showed that the four groups can be distinguished from one another based on differential expression of twelve miRNAs. Nine miRNAs distinguish SARS-CoV-1 from SARS-CoV-2, while three miRNAs are similarly expressed in SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 samples. Literature mining of all predicted miRNA target genes showed that over 50% have demonstrated functional roles in the host response to viral infection.