Table 1.
The properties of treatments used in the study.
Fig 1.
Relative spectral response of the light modes and control in the experiment.
Fig 2.
Rocket plants growth under different modes of LED lighting.
For more details about the used light modes (LM), please refer to Table 1.
Fig 3.
Effects of different lighting modes (LM) on the growth parameters of E. Sativa; plant height (A), stem diameter (B), hypocotyl length (C), total leaf area (D), root length (E), and dry weight content (F). Values are means of four replicates ± SE. Different letters between columns indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at P ≤ 0.05. LM1 = A1:B1:C1, LM2 = A1:B2:C2, LM3 = A1:B3:C3, LM4 = A2:B1:C2, LM5 = A2:B2:C3, LM6 = A2:B3:C1, LM7 = A3:B1:C3, LM8 = A3:B2:C1, LM9 = A3:B3:C1, CK = White fluorescent light.
Table 2.
Results of the range and ANOVA of the L9 (33) matrix for the influence of combined, intensities of LEDs light (A), light spectral ratios (B), and photoperiod (C) on growth characteristics of rocket plants.
Fig 4.
Effects of different lighting modes (LM) on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content in leaves of E. Sativa plants.
Values are means of four replicates ± SE. Different letters between columns indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at P ≤ 0.05. LM1 = A1:B1:C1, LM2 = A1:B2:C2, LM3 = A1:B3:C3, LM4 = A2:B1:C2, LM5 = A2:B2:C3, LM6 = A2:B3:C1, LM7 = A3:B1:C3, LM8 = A3:B2:C1, LM9 = A3:B3:C1, CK = White fluorescent light.
Fig 5.
Effects of different lighting modes (LM) on protein (A), sugar (B), Vitamin C (C), and nitrate contents (D) in leaves of E. Sativa plants. Values are means of four replicates ± SE. Different letters between columns indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at P ≤ 0.05. LM1 = A1:B1:C1, LM2 = A1:B2:C2, LM3 = A1:B3:C3, LM4 = A2:B1:C2, LM5 = A2:B2:C3, LM6 = A2:B3:C1, LM7 = A3:B1:C3, LM8 = A3:B2:C1, LM9 = A3:B3:C1, CK = White fluorescent light.
Table 3.
Results of the range and ANOVA of the L9 (33) matrix for the influence of combined intensities of LEDs light (A), light spectral ratios (B), and photoperiod (C) on chlorophyll and biochemical contents of rocket plants.
Fig 6.
Effects of LED light modes on chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics of the dark-acclimated (A) and RLC of the light-acclimated (B) of effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry Y(II) in rocket leaves. The points are means ± SE of 4 replicates followed by the same letters meaning no different significantly according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.05). Sort significance letters from top to bottom according to the treatments (ML1-CK). LM1 = A1:B1:C1, LM2 = A1:B2:C2, LM3 = A1:B3:C3, LM4 = A2:B1:C2, LM5 = A2:B2:C3, LM6 = A2:B3:C1, LM7 = A3:B1:C3, LM8 = A3:B2:C1, LM9 = A3:B3:C1, CK = White fluorescent light.
Fig 7.
Effects of LED light modes on chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics of the dark-acclimated (A) and RLC of the light-acclimated (B) of quantum yield of regulatory energy dissipation in PSII Y(NPQ) in rocket leaves. The points are means ± SE of 4 replicates followed by the same letters meaning no different significantly according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.05). Sort significance letters from top to bottom according to the treatments (ML1-CK). LM1 = A1:B1:C1, LM2 = A1:B2:C2, LM3 = A1:B3:C3, LM4 = A2:B1:C2, LM5 = A2:B2:C3, LM6 = A2:B3:C1, LM7 = A3:B1:C3, LM8 = A3:B2:C1, LM9 = A3:B3:C1, CK = White fluorescent light.
Fig 8.
Effects of LED light modes on chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics of the dark-acclimated (A) and RLC of the light-acclimated (B) of quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII Y(NO) in rocket leaves. The points are means ± SE of 4 replicates followed by the same letters meaning no different significantly according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.05). Sort significance letters from top to bottom according to the treatments (ML1-CK). LM1 = A1:B1:C1, LM2 = A1:B2:C2, LM3 = A1:B3:C3, LM4 = A2:B1:C2, LM5 = A2:B2:C3, LM6 = A2:B3:C1, LM7 = A3:B1:C3, LM8 = A3:B2:C1, LM9 = A3:B3:C1, CK = White fluorescent light.
Fig 9.
Effects of LED light modes on chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics of the dark-acclimated (A) and RLC of the light-acclimated (B) of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in rocket leaves. The points are means ± SE of 4 replicates followed by the same letters meaning no different significantly according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.05). Sort significance letters from top to bottom according to the treatments (ML1-CK). LM1 = A1:B1:C1, LM2 = A1:B2:C2, LM3 = A1:B3:C3, LM4 = A2:B1:C2, LM5 = A2:B2:C3, LM6 = A2:B3:C1, LM7 = A3:B1:C3, LM8 = A3:B2:C1, LM9 = A3:B3:C1, CK = White fluorescent light.
Fig 10.
Effects of LED light modes on chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics of the dark-acclimated (A) and RLC of the light-acclimated (B) of photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) in rocket leaves. The points are means ± SE of 4 replicates followed by the same letters meaning no different significantly according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.05). Sort significance letters from top to bottom according to the treatments (ML1-CK). LM1 = A1:B1:C1, LM2 = A1:B2:C2, LM3 = A1:B3:C3, LM4 = A2:B1:C2, LM5 = A2:B2:C3, LM6 = A2:B3:C1, LM7 = A3:B1:C3, LM8 = A3:B2:C1, LM9 = A3:B3:C1, CK = White fluorescent light.
Fig 11.
Effects of LED light modes on chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics of the dark-acclimated (A) and RLC of the light-acclimated (B) of electron transport ratio (ETR) in rocket leaves. The points are means ± SE of 4 replicates followed by the same letters meaning no different significantly according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.05). Sort significance letters from top to bottom according to the treatments (ML1-CK). LM1 = A1:B1:C1, LM2 = A1:B2:C2, LM3 = A1:B3:C3, LM4 = A2:B1:C2, LM5 = A2:B2:C3, LM6 = A2:B3:C1, LM7 = A3:B1:C3, LM8 = A3:B2:C1, LM9 = A3:B3:C1, CK = White fluorescent light.
Table 4.
Results of the range and ANOVA of the L9 (33) matrix for the influence of combined, intensities of LEDs light (A), light spectral ratios (B), and photoperiod (C) on chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements of rocket plants.