Fig 1.
a) Location of the site of JRD; b) view of JRD from the east and its location on the Jordan River adjacent to the Dureijat stream; c) map of excavation areas and test trenches.
Fig 2.
a) Stratigraphy, chronology and cultural affiliation of Area B sequence; b) Area D stratigraphic sequence.
Fig 3.
JRD bone fish hooks.
Fig 4.
Images of all JRD bone fish hooks obtained from 3D models, arranged by layer.
Table 1.
JRD fish hook inventory including the presence and absence of hook features.
The JRD hooks are reposited at the Prehistory Laboratory, Tel Hai College, Israel. The 3D fishhook models are available (wrl format) at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VTKRQW.
Fig 5.
Fish hook terminology and measurements used in the current study.
Fig 6.
Measurements extracted based on the profile (legend a) and the cross-section (legend b) of the hooks.
Table 2.
Measurements of the JRD bone hooks by layer.
Fig 7.
Technological traces and functional modifications on archaeological hooks (a) hook #1, h) hook #2, l) hook #3. b) Detail of the marks left during the preparation of the bend through drilling; c) detail of the barb and transversal grooving associated with its production; d) surface alteration associated with the decomposition of organic residues, still preserved on the other side of the hook; e) dashed lines indicate changes of color according to the disposition of the organic residues; f) scraping traces associated with the production of the shaft; g) perforation marks; i) j) k) transversal grooving applied to produce the barb; m) detail of the top of the shank. The arrows indicate technological mistakes produced by a lithic tool for creating a double knob for line attachment.
Fig 8.
Technological traces, use wear traces and residues on archaeological hooks (a) hook #14; f) hook #16, h) hook #16; j,p) hook #4). b) longitudinal cutting marks produced when extracting the rectangular blank from the bone diaphysis; c, d) details of functional features (rounding, striations and residues) related to the attachment of the line; e) close-up photos of the line attachment system of an ethnographic lure hook with details and distribution of use traces and residues (hook # 25.445) from the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (UK); g) transversal cutting marks; i) marks associated with drilling used to create the concave side of the bend of the hook; k) rounding observed on the knob and particles of residual brownish adhesive matter inside the notch produced for creating the knob; l) particles of residual brownish adhesive matter; m) deep transversal incisions across the bend of the hook likely used to connect a cord for a lure. Note patches of residual brownish adhesive matter; n) short oblique and superimposed striations characterized by an initial depression and rough bottom, possibly fish tooth marks; o) rounding on the knob. Note also the longitudinal cutting marks left during the preparation of the hook; r) functional reconstruction of the hook according to archaeological use wear and residues.
Fig 9.
Technological traces, use wear traces and residues on archaeological hook #13.
a) functional reconstruction of the hook according to archaeological use wear and residues; a) rounding developed on the tip of the shaft; b) bright polish with flat topography and fine transversal striations identified on the upper part of the shank; c) longitudinal cutting marks produced to extract rectangular blanks from the bone diaphysis; d,e) particles of residual brownish adhesive matter with clear transversal features; f) marks associated with drilling used to create the concave side of the bend of the hook and subsequent abrasion.
Fig 10.
Technological traces, use wear traces and residues on archaeological hook #9 a,b,c) details of a plant fiber identified inside the notch on the top of the shank; d-f) animal hair recovered inside the groove on the bend of the hook.
Fig 11.
a) Selected grooved pebbles; b) 3D models of the six analyzed pebbles. Numbers are according to site data catalog.
Table 3.
Size measurements of the JRD grooved pebbles.
The JRD grooved pebbles are reposited at the Prehistory Laboratory, Tel Hai College, Israel. The 3D grooved pebble models are available (wrl format) at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/VTKRQW.
Fig 12.
Technological modifications (grooves with variables depths) of a) pebble #106, d) pebble #105, g) pebble #104. Details of the incised grooves with rare technological errors indicated as shallow lines parallel to the main groove. i-k) Microscopic features on the surface of pebble #100. The groove is particularly deep (i, k) and technological errors are evident. Linear polish was also observed within the groove (m, n). f-h) Microscopic features on the surface of pebble #103. o,q) Details of the groove of pebble #103.
Fig 13.
Some residues observed on small pebbles #103, 105 and 106.
a) dark spots, possibly oxides, on pebble #105; b) a shell fragment on pebble #106; c-d) smashed shell powder mixed with sediment on pebble #103; e) pebble #106; f) pebble #103; g) polished area with randomly oriented striations; h) linear bands of polish located in the interior of the groove; i-j) fragments of vegetal fibers under plane polarized and crossed polarized light from pebble #103. Scale bars measure 100 μm.
Fig 14.
a) Relative abundance of fish at JRD by arcaheological layer; b) The proportion of fish with vertebral centrum diameters greater and less than 3.5 mm. c) Frequency distribution of fish vertebral centra diameters in the combined Natufian layers (3a, 3b, 3c).