Fig 1.
Summary of the experimental design.
Table 1.
Primers used for the qRT-PCR analyses.
Fig 2.
Relative level of expression of attacin, cecropin, PGRP-LC, hsp23, and hsp70 genes determined by qRT-PCR.
Barplots showing relative genes expression as means SD of log fold changes from irradiated pupae and sterile adult males aver time compared to the non-irradiated ones. The mRNA level of G6PDH and GAPDH2 transcripts were used to normalize the expression level of candidate genes. Differences in mRNA expression level were analyzed using Multifactor ANOVA followed by LSD to discriminate means at the 95% confidence level. Standard errors across replicate trials are plotted in the graph. Different letters indicate for each gene statistical differences (P≤0.05) observed between means. Symbol (*) above bars indicate for each gene statistical differences (P≤0.05) observed with untreated control.
Table 2.
Statistical analysis of the level of expression of attacin, cecropin, PGPR-LC, hsp23 and hsp70 gene, after treatment of medfly males with irradiation by using multifactor ANOVA (P≤0.05).
Fig 3.
Relative level of expression of attacin (A), cecropin (B), PGRP-LC (C), hsp23 (D), hsp70 (E) genes determined by qRT-PCR. Line graphs showing relative genes expression as means SD of log fold changes from pupae 0 h, pupae 18 h, adult male 72 h and adult male 168 h age supplemented with live (LP) and autoclaved (AP) probiotic compared to the non-probiotic. The mRNA level of G6PDH and GAPDH2 transcripts were used to normalize the expression level of candidate genes. Differences in mRNA expression level were analyzed using Multifactor ANOVA for each gene followed by LSD to discriminate means at the 95% confidence level. Standard errors across replicate trials are plotted in the graph. Symbol (*) indicates for each gene statistical differences (P≤0.05) observed with untreated control. Different letters indicate statistical difference (P≤0.05) between means.
Table 3.
Statistical analysis of the level of expression of attacin, cecropin, PGPR-LC, hsp23 and hsp70 gene, after treatment of medfly males with probiotic by using multifactor ANOVA (P≤0.05).
Fig 4.
Pupal weight (A) emergence (B) and flight ability (C) quality control parameters of sterile medfly males and females treated with live (LP) and autoclaved (AP) probiotic at three concentrations 102, 105 and 109. Standard errors across replicate trials are plotted in the graph. Symbol (*) indicates statistical differences (P≤0.05) observed for between groups.