Table 1.
Search strategy.
Table 2.
Quality assessment questions.
Fig 1.
PRISMA flow diagram of information through different stages of review.
Fig 2.
Number of publications per year.
Table 3.
Studies categorized by intervention (nudging) strategy.
Table 4.
Nudges in 54 papers included in the meta-analysis.
Fig 3.
Note: Where applicable, the number of participants was adjusted by dividing the total number of participants by the number of measures and/or interventions administered to the same group of participants (denoted (i) to (vi); see ([10]). This adjustment does not affect the total number of participants. Note that, while study-level confidence intervals are wider when adjustments are made, estimates of central tendency (i.e., standardised mean difference) are unaffected.
Fig 4.
Funnel plot.
Fig 5.
a. Funnel plot for presentation nudging. b. Funnel plot for incentive nudging. c. Funnel plot for information nudging. d. Funnel plot for information nudging.