Fig 1.
Experimental timeline for different cohorts of mice.
Cohort 1: Mice subjected to the open-field test to assess the effect of LPS on exploratory behaviors (A). Cohort 2: Mice subjected to automated home-cage LABORAS to measure exploratory behaviors, Cohort 3: Mice subjected to automated home-cage LABORAS to measure the effect of LPS on long-term locomotor activity (C). Cohort 4, 5, 6: Mice used for pharmacological intervention using indomethacin in the open-field test (D), automated home-cage monitoring for short- and long terms (E and F, respectively).
Fig 2.
Locomotor activity deficits in LPS-induced mice.
(A) Experimental setup, (B) travel traces of mice in the arena, (C) locomotion (s), (D) immobility (s), (E) speed (mm/s), (F) distance traveled (m). Unpaired t-test, N = 6 mice per group; ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group.
Fig 3.
Schematic representation of the experimental setup.
(A) The LABORAS consists of cages connected to the LABORAS control unit (LCU) and computer. (B)The behaviors read by the automated home-cage LABORAS system.
Fig 4.
Automated home-cage behavioral profiling of LPS-induced mice in short–term locomotor activity (exploratory behavior).
(A) position distribution, (B) ethogram, (C) percentage of behavioral composition (duration and frequency), derived by either duration or frequency of each behavior/total duration or frequency of identified behaviors, (D) correlation matrix of each behavior.
Fig 5.
Home-cage behaviors of LPS-induced mice in 5-min period (exploratory behaviors).
(A) Behavioral duration, (B) behavioral frequency, (C) locomotive characteristics. Unpaired t-test, N = 6 mice per group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group.
Fig 6.
Automated home-cage behavioral phenotyping of LPS-induced mice.
(A) position distribution, (B) percentage of behavioral composition (duration and frequency), derived by either duration or frequency of certain behavior/total duration or frequency of identified behaviors, (C) correlation matrix of each behavior.
Fig 7.
Effect of LPS on the duration of home-cage behaviors, average speed, and distance traveled throughout a 24 h period (dark and light phases). Each line depicts the moving average of each behavior for both control and LPS groups. (A) Climbing, (B) locomotion, (C) immobility, (D) rearing, (E) average of speeds in every 15 minutes (mm/s), and (F) distance traveled (m). Unpaired t-test, N = 6 mice per group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group.
Fig 8.
Frequency of home-cage behaviors of LPS-induced mice throughout a 24 h period (dark and light phases). Each line depicts the moving average of each behavior for both control and LPS groups. (A) Climbing, (B) locomotion, (C) immobility, (D) rearing. Unpaired t-test, N = 6 mice per group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group.
Fig 9.
Bodyweight changes, food, and water intake.
(A) Percentage of body weight changes, (B) Food and (C) water intake of mice after LPS exposure. Unpaired t-test, N = 6 mice per group; ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group.
Fig 10.
The effect of indomethacin on exploratory behaviors in LPS-induced mice.
(A) Locomotive behaviors in the open-field test, (B) behavioral duration, (C) behavioral frequency, and (D) locomotive characteristics in automated home-cage LABORAS. One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test, N = 6 (open-field test) and 8 (automated home-cage LABORAS) mice per group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, LPS+indomethacin-treated group compared with the LPS-induced group.
Fig 11.
Time-series changes of home-cage behaviors in response to indomethacin treatment.
Data are represented as a 2 h moving average for mean home-cage behaviors in each 15 min. Solid and dashed lines depict the mean and S.E.M of the moving average, respectively. N = 8 mice per group.
Fig 12.
Pharmacological validation of home-cage behaviors using indomethacin in LPS-induced mice.
Home-cage behaviors are divided into 3 sections: Section 0–2 h represents exploratory behaviors of mice (before indomethacin administration), section 2–12 h represents the duration of time where indomethacin is pharmacologically effective (nighttime), 12–24 h section is the duration where indomethacin is pharmacologically ineffective (daytime). N = 8 mice per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, LPS+indomethacin-treated group compared with the LPS group. The data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test.
Table 1.
Bodyweight changes, food, and water intake after administration of indomethacin.