Fig 1.
Different color patterns present in Baryancistrus xanthellus.
Photographs of live specimens taken right after collection. Not all color morphs are represented in the figure.
Fig 2.
Map of collection sites of Baryancistrus xanthellus in the Xingu River basin; stretch of channel impounded by Belo Monte Dam (between site 8 and 10) not shown.
1: Vitória do Xingu; 2: Belo Monte; 3: Jericoá; 4: Percata; 5: Pariaxá; 6: Seca Farinha; 7: Ilha da Fazenda; 8: Igarapé Itatá; 9: Cotovelo; 10: Gorgulho da Rita; 11: Boa Esperança; 12: Cachoeira Grande; 13: Boa Esperança (Resex); 14: Cachoeira das Minhocas; 15: Ilha do Papagaio; 16: Cachoerinha; 17: Ressaca da Califórnia; 18: Lajeiro; 19: São Lucas; 20: Bené; 21: Pousada; 22: Porto Zé Carlos; 23: Zéfa; 24: Irineu; 25: Acima da confluência; 26: Balisa; 27: Pedra Preta (Resex); 28: Estragado; 29: Morro Grande; 30: Bela Vista; 31: Bom Jardim; 32: São Gonçalo; 33: Serra do Pardo; 34: Travessão do Nazaré; 35: Araraquara; 36: Remansinho; 37: Xadai; 38: Pedra Preta; 39: Onça.
Table 1.
Number of individuals of Baryancistrus xanthellus sampled at each site.
Sites numbered according to the map in Fig 1; first letter of site abbreviation corresponds to river (i.e., “X” Xingu, “I” Iriri, “B” Bacajá).
Table 2.
Primer sequences and PCR annealing temperatures used for each marker in the present study.
Table 3.
Values of genetic diversity and neutrality Fs and D tests in Baryancistrus xanthellus based on the five genetically diverged groups (A–E) previously identified by BAPS analysis of Cyt b marker (N = number of individuals, Nh = number of haplotypes, S = polymorphic sites, h = haplotype diversity, and π = nucleotide diversity.
Fig 3.
Estimation of genetically diverged groups in Baryancistrus xanthellus in the Xingu River basin inferred from the Bayesian analysis (BAPS) of 717-bp Cyt b fragment in 358 individuals.
The five groups are indicated by green (A), orange (B), magenta (C), blue (D) and yellow (E). The numbers represent the collection sites. 1: Vitória do Xingu; 2: Belo Monte; 3: Jericoá; 4: Percata; 5: Pariaxá; 6: Seca Farinha; 7: Ilha da Fazenda; 8: Igarapé Itatá; 9: Cotovelo; 10: Gorgulho da Rita; 11: Boa Esperança; 12: Cachoeira Grande; 13: Boa Esperança (Resex); 14: Cachoeira das Minhocas; 15: Ilha do Papagaio; 16: Cachoerinha; 17: Ressaca da Califórnia; 18: Lajeiro; 19: São Lucas; 20: Bené; 21: Pousada; 22: Porto Zé Carlos; 23: Zéfa; 24: Irineu; 25: Acima da confluência; 26: Balisa; 27: Pedra Preta (Resex); 28: Estragado; 29: Morro Grande; 30: Bela Vista; 31: Bom Jardim; 32: São Gonçalo; 33: Serra do Pardo; 34: Travessão do Nazaré; 35: Araraquara; 36: Remansinho; 37: Xadai; 38: Pedra Preta; 39: Onça.
Table 4.
Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) to evaluate the genetic differentiation among and within the five genetically diverged groups of B. xanthellus indicated by BAPS.
Fig 4.
Haplotype network showing the distribution of 134 haplotypes in Baryancistrus xanthellus based on the mitochondrial Cyt b marker.
Each color represents the 39 sampled sites in this study grouped accordingly: Iriri Resex (Group A–greenish), Xingu Resex (B–reddish), Volta Grande do Xingu (C–purplish), São Félix do Xingu (D–bluish), and Ecological Station of Terra do Meio (E–yellowish).
Fig 5.
Distribution of Cyt b haplotypes of Baryancistrus xanthellus assigned to Group A (Iriri Resex–green), Group B (Xingu Resex–orange); Group C (Volta Grande do Xingu–magenta); Group D (São Félix do Xingu–blue), and Group E (Ecological Station of Terra do Meio–yellow).
Fig 6.
Haplotype network showing the distribution of 60 haplotypes in Baryancistrus xanthellus based on the nuclear RPL3 marker.
Each color represents the 39 sampled sites in this study. The colors by group are: Iriri Resex (Group A–greenish), Xingu Resex (B–reddish), Volta Grande do Xingu (C–purplish), São Félix do Xingu (D–bluish), and Ecological Station of Terra do Meio (E–yellowish).
Fig 7.
Haplotype network showing the distribution of 156 haplotypes in Baryancistrus xanthellus based on the nuclear PRL marker.
Each color represents the sampled sites in this study. The colors by group are: Iriri Resex (Group A–greenish), Xingu Resex (B–reddish), Volta Grande do Xingu (C–purplish), São Félix do Xingu (D–bluish), and Ecological Station of Terra do Meio (E–yellowish).
Fig 8.
Bayesian Skyline Plot for the five lineages (Groups A–E) of Baryancistrus xanthellus from the Xingu River basin.
The curves correspond to the concatenated markers. The y axis corresponds to the effective population size (Ne) and the x axis corresponds to the mean period estimated in million years (Ma).