Fig 1.
The layout of the 4-segments biomechanical model in the sagittal plane.
Table 1.
Biomechanical parametric values used in simulations.
Table 2.
Feedback delays at ankle, knee, and hip joints.
Fig 2.
Sit-to-stand movement simulations developed in Simulink.
Fig 3.
Center-of-mass, head, ankle, knee, and hip joint movement during STS transition in a simple biomechanical model. The initial position is sitting, and the final position is standing.
Fig 4.
Blue lines show the reference position profiles, black lines show the simulation results without delays, and purple lines show the simulation results with delays.
Fig 5.
Black lines show the simulation results without delays and purple lines show the simulation results with delays.
Fig 6.
Black lines show the simulations without delays and purple lines show the simulations with delays.
Fig 7.
Black lines show the simulations without delays and purple lines show the simulations with delays.
Fig 8.
Ground reaction forces profiles.
The horizontal GRF-x and vertical GRF-y with and without delays. Black lines show the simulations without delays and purple lines show simulations with delays.
Fig 9.
Center-of-mass and center-of-pressure profiles.
The normalized horizontal x-COM, vertical y-COM, and horizontal x-COP components. Black lines show the simulations without delays and purple lines show the simulations with delays.
Fig 10.
Head potion trajectory a) Reference head trajectory b) Head trajectory motion with delays.
Table 3.
Comparison of our simulated STS movement with earlier work in the presence of proprioceptive feedback delays.