Fig 1.
Experimental flowchart.
Fig 2.
The physical appearance of (a) TPC (b) PPC.
Table 1.
Properties of base bitumen (VG30).
Fig 3.
(a) RTFO device used for simulation of short-term aging, and (b) PAV device used for simulation of long-term aging.
Fig 4.
Frequency sweep result at 10 rad/s (a) G* (b) δ.
Fig 5.
Aging index based on G* under (a) short-term aging, and (b) long-term aging.
Fig 6.
Aging index based on δ under (a) RTFO and (b) PAV.
Fig 7.
ZSV results at 60°C.
Fig 8.
Aging index based on ZSV.
Fig 9.
MSCR Jnr result at 60°C.
Fig 10.
Aging index based on MSCR Jnr.
Fig 11.
BYET results at 15 and 25°C.
Fig 12.
FTIR spectra under different aging state (a) Control (b) TPCMA (c) PPCMA.
Fig 13.
Carbonyl index under different aging states.
Fig 14.
Sulfoxide index under different aging states.
Fig 15.
1H-NMR spectra under different aging states (a) Control (b) TPCMA (c) PPCMA.
Table 2.
Fig 16.
Har results.
Fig 17.
Hγ results.
Fig 18.
Correlation between MSCR Jnr and Hγ.