Fig 1.
Effect of the optimization operators.
Fig 2.
Exploration and exploitation phases of nAOA.
Fig 3.
The process of updating the candidate solutions.
Fig 4.
The nAOA flowchart.
Table 1.
Controlling parameters for algorithms considered.
Table 2.
Classical test functions.
Table 3.
Summary of the CEC2020 test suite.
Table 4.
Classical benchmark functions.
Table 5.
Composite functions CEC 2020.
Fig 5.
Convergence behavior of classical and composite benchmark test functions.
Fig 6.
Design of WBD problem [28].
Table 6.
Results for experiment conducted for WBD.
Fig 7.
Note: 100th iterations. Note: 1000th iterations.
Fig 8.
Compression spring design problem [27].
Table 7.
Results for experiment conducted for CSD.
Fig 9.
Note: 100th iterations. Note: 1000th iteration.
Fig 10.
PVD problem [30].
Table 8.
Results for experiment conducted for PVD.
Fig 11.
Note: 100th iteration. Note: 1000th iteration.