Table 1.
World input–output table with two sectors in three countries.
Fig 1.
Heat map of the number of major communities in the IVANs cut by each threshold, in 2000–2014.
This research uses the thresholds represented as a red-bordered cell in each year. Colors mean the number of major communities.
Fig 2.
Community maps in 2000, 2004, 2009, and 2014.
Each cell is a node of IVAN, the gray cells are the nodes that do not belong to any of two communities, while the other colors indicate community. The green ones belong to the community dominated by sectors of European countries and the orange ones to the community dominated by sectors of the Pacific Rim countries. The regional classification is in S1 Table.
Fig 3.
Sankey diagram of communities colored by actual regions where nodes are situated.
Communities in each year are ordered by their size, from the largest to the smallest, from the bottom to the top. Green and orange in Fig 3 do not mean regional communities but mean the regions in which the node is positioned. The crossings of the major communities in 2001–2002 and 2009–2010 mean changes in the order of their size. Their classification of them is in S1 Table. The two bottom communities are major regional communities, but there had been other small European communities over the years.
Table 2.
Structural characteristics of IVANs, IVANs cut with the threshold, IVANs in the regional communities: Europe and the Pacific Rim.
Fig 4.
Cumulative probability of strength of IVAN in 2000, 2008, and 2014.
The black lines are plots of the cumulative density function of the log-normal distribution whose μ and σ are equal to the average and the standard deviation, respectively, of the logarithm of strength distribution in 2014. Their right tails are almost fitted, but the left tails are not, especially at the bottom.
Fig 5.
Scatter plot of correlation between circular flow and value flow of two regional communities in 2000.
The larger circular flows are in proportion to the original value flows, but the lower flows are disarranged.
Table 3.
Five highest-potential countries in European community.
Table 4.
Five lowest-potential countries in European community.
Table 5.
Five highest-potential sectors in European community.
Table 6.
Five lowest-potential sectors in European community.
Table 7.
Five-highest circulated countries in European community.
Table 8.
Five-highest circulated sectors in European community.
Fig 6.
Scatter plot of correlation between circular strength and Helmholtz–Hodge potential in European community in 2000, 2008, and 2014.
Each year shows a V-shaped pattern, but the inclination is changed (sharpest in 2008 and gentlest in 2014).
Table 9.
Five highest-potential countries in the Pacific Rim community.
Table 10.
Five lowest-potential countries in the Pacific Rim community.
Table 11.
Five highest-potential sectors in the Pacific Rim community.
Table 12.
Five lowest-potential sectors in the Pacific Rim community.
Table 13.
Five highest-circulated countries in the Pacific Rim community.
Table 14.
Five highest-circulated sectors in the Pacific Rim community.
Fig 7.
Scatter plot of correlation between circular strength and Helmholtz-Hodge potential in the Pacific Rim community in 2000, 2008, and 2014.
The years show the similar inclinations of the V shape.
Fig 8.
Economic integration estimation of the two regional communities in 2000–2014.
Fig 9.
Sectoral economic integration index of mining and quarrying, and construction in two regional communities.
B: mining and quarrying, F: construction.
Fig 10.
Sectoral economic integration index of manufacture in two regional communities.
C19: manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products; C20: manufacture of chemicals and chemical products; C24: manufacture of basic metals, C25: manufacture of fabricated metal products except for machinery and equipment; C26: manufacture of computer, electronic, and optical products; C28: manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.; C29: manufacture of motor vehicles, and trailers and semi-trailers.
Fig 11.
Sectoral economic integration index of other important sectors in two regional communities.
G46: wholesale trade except motor vehicles and motorcycles; K64: financial service activities except for insurance and pension funding; N: administrative and support service activities; O84: public administration and defense, and compulsory social security; Q: human health and social work activities.
Fig 12.
International value-added circulation of European community in 2000, 2008–2011, and 2014.
These graphs illustrate the top 20 links. Their node sizes and link widths are in proportion to the square root of the degree and the amount of circular flow, respectively. S1 Table shows a detailed list of the sectors.
Fig 13.
Intersectoral value-added circulation of European community in 2000, 2008–2011, and 2014.
These graphs illustrate the top 20 links. Their node sizes and link widths are in proportion to the square root of the degree and the amount of circular flow, respectively. S2 Table shows a detailed list of the sectors.
Fig 14.
International value-added circulation of the Pacific Rim community in 2000, 2008–2011, and 2014.
These graphs illustrate the top 20 links. Their node sizes and link widths are in proportion to the square root of the degree and the amount of circular flow, respectively. S1 Table shows a detailed list of the sectors.
Fig 15.
Intersectoral value-added circulation of the Pacific Rim community in 2000, 2008–2011, and 2014.
These graphs illustrate the top 20 links. Their node sizes and link widths are in proportion to the square root of the degree and the amount of circular flow, respectively. S2 Table shows a detailed list of the sectors.