Fig 1.
The self-similar industrial ecosystems in Industry 4.0.
(Own elaboration based on [44]).
Table 1.
Determinants characterizing the processes of digitalization and robotization of enterprises in the EU countries.
Fig 2.
Kohonen’s neural network scheme.
Fig 3.
Basic descriptive statistics for the determinants of digitization and robotization of enterprises in the EU27 countries (a-all enterprises, b-small enterprises, c-medium enterprises, d-large enterprises).
Table 2.
Statistical parameters of indicators determining the level of the EU countries in terms of digitalization and robotization of all enterprises.
Table 3.
Statistical parameters of indicators determining the level of the EU countries in terms of digitalization and robotization of small enterprises.
Table 4.
Statistical parameters of indicators determining the level of the EU countries in terms of digitalization and robotization of medium-sized enterprises.
Table 5.
Statistical parameters of indicators determining the level of the EU countries in terms of digitalization and robotization of large enterprises.
Table 6.
Distance of the EU-27 countries from the pattern and anti-pattern together with the TOPSIS measure for the level of digitalization of individual groups of enterprise.
Fig 4.
Division of the EU countries into similar classes in terms of the level of development of digitalization of enterprises (a- all enterprises, b–small enterprises, c-medium enterprises, d-large enterprises) (own elaboration).
Fig 5.
The topological map of similar groups of EU-27 countries for all enterprises.
Fig 6.
The summary of studied indicators on digitalization and robotization of enterprises for the EU countries in the designated similar groups (a-cluster 1, b-cluster 2, c-cluster 3, d-cluster 4).
Table 7.
The division of the EU countries into similar groups based on the examined indicators for all enterprises together with activation values.
Fig 7.
The topological map of similar groups of the EU-27 countries for small enterprises.
Fig 8.
The summary of studied indicators on digitalization and robotization of small enterprises for the EU countries in the designated similar groups (a-cluster 1, b-cluster 2, c-cluster 3, d-cluster 4).
Table 8.
The division of the EU countries into similar groups based on the examined indicators for small enterprises together with activation values (distance from the center of the cluster).
Fig 9.
The topological map of similar groups of the EU-27 countries for medium-sized enterprises.
Fig 10.
The summary of studied indicators on digitalization and robotization of medium-sized enterprises for EU countries in the designated similar groups (a-cluster 1, b-cluster 2, c-cluster 3, d-cluster 4).
Table 9.
The division of the EU countries into similar groups based on the examined indicators for medium-sized enterprises together with activation values (distance from the center of the cluster).
Fig 11.
The topological map of similar groups of the EU-27 countries for large enterprises.
Fig 12.
The summary of studied indicators on digitalization and robotization of large enterprises for EU countries in the designated similar groups (a-cluster 1, b-cluster 2, c-cluster 3, d-cluster 4).
Table 10.
The division of the EU countries into similar groups based on the examined indicators for large enterprises together with activation values (distance from the center of the cluster).
Fig 13.
The summary of the results of the study of the level of digitalization and robotization of the EU countries and the similarity between these countries.