Fig 1.
PRISMA flow diagram for the search algorithm [68].
Fig 2.
Time-temperature relationship of the contact burn injury.
Double-logarithmic time-temperature relationship of the burn injury (left panel) and inclusion criteria for minimum exposure temperature and exposure time (right panel). The grey line represents a regression plot with 95% confidence bands (dashed red lines) on the logarithmic relationship between exposure temperature (X) and exposure time (Y) in producing a burn injury (modified from Naert et al. [27] based on data from Moritz and Henriques [72]; Y = -28.3*X + 116.4, R2 = 0.98). The open circles represent the longest exposure time at a given temperature that failed to destroy the epidermis but induced a hyperemic skin response in humans. The red line is a parallel shift of the regression line through the heating paradigm of 300 s at 45°C (Y = -28.3*X + 113.4), serving as a ‘safety margin’ and inclusion criteria in this review (see right panel for specific values). The solid grey circles represent the heating paradigms of the included studies. The minimum exposure time at a given temperature that meets the inclusion criteria is outlined in the table (right panel, corresponding to the parallel shifted red line).
Table 1.
Contact burn injury characteristics.
Table 2.
Study characteristics.
Table 3.
Intervention study results.
Table 4.
Suggestions to consider when designing a CBI-model trial.