Fig 1.
The number of cases with rotavirus diarrhea distributed according to age.
Fig 2.
Electropherotypes of rotaviruses identified in Sabah.
In total, 11 electropherotypes were identified, three short (S1–S3) and eight long (L1–L8) electropherotype patterns were identified. The strain number and genotype of each electropherotype is shown above the electropherotype.
Fig 3.
Phylogenetic tree constructed with the nucleotide sequences of the VP7 gene of G1 strains.
Human rotavirus KH210 (G5) was used as an outgroup. The number adjacent to the node represents the bootstrap value and values lower than 70% have not been indicated. Scale bar shows genetic distance expressed as nucleotide substitutions per site. The strains identified in this study are marked with a filled circle. Strains from Sabah belong to lineage Ia, and II. The nucleotide sequences of our strains have been submitted to the databases of the DNA DataBank of Japan, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, and GenBank. The accession numbers are shown at the beginning of each strain.
Fig 4.
Phylogenetic tree constructed with the nucleotide sequences of the VP7 gene of G12 strains.
Human rotavirus Wa-40-AG (G1) was used as an outgroup. The number adjacent to the node represents the bootstrap value and values lower than 70% have not been indicated. Scale bar shows genetic distance expressed as nucleotide substitutions per site. The strains identified in this study are marked with a filled circle. Strains from Sabah belong to lineage III. The nucleotide sequences of our strains have been submitted to the databases of the DNA DataBank of Japan, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, and GenBank. The accession numbers are shown at the beginning of each strain.
Fig 5.
Phylogenetic tree constructed with the nucleotide sequences of the VP7 gene of G8 strains.
Human rotavirus Wa-40-AG (G1) was used as an outgroup. The number adjacent to the node represents the bootstrap value and values lower than 70% have not been indicated. Scale bar shows genetic distance expressed as nucleotide substitutions per site. The strains identified in this study are marked with a filled circle. The nucleotide sequences of our strains have been submitted to the databases of the DNA DataBank of Japan, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, and GenBank. The accession numbers are shown at the beginning of each strain.
Fig 6.
Phylogenetic tree constructed with the nucleotide sequences of the VP7 gene of G3 strains.
Human rotavirus Wa-40-AG (G1) was used as an outgroup. The number adjacent to the node represents the bootstrap value and values lower than 70% have not been indicated. Scale bar shows genetic distance expressed as nucleotide substitutions per site. The strains identified in this study are marked with a filled circle. Strains from Sabah belong to lineages I and III. The nucleotide sequences of our strains have been submitted to the databases of the DNA DataBank of Japan, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, and GenBank. The accession numbers are shown at the beginning of each strain.
Fig 7.
Phylogenetic tree constructed with the nucleotide sequences of the VP4 gene of P[8] strains.
Human rotavirus DS-1 (P[4]) was used as an outgroup. The number adjacent to the node represents the bootstrap value and values lower than 70% have not been indicated. Scale bar shows genetic distance expressed as nucleotide substitutions per site. The strains identified in this study are marked with a filled circle. All strains from Sabah belong to lineage III. The nucleotide sequences of our strains have been submitted to the databases of the DNA DataBank of Japan, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, and GenBank. The accession numbers are shown at the beginning of each strain.
Fig 8.
Phylogenetic tree constructed with the nucleotide sequences of the VP4 gene of P[6] strains.
Human rotavirus Wa (P[8]) was used as an outgroup. The number adjacent to the node represents the bootstrap value and values lower than 70% have not been indicated. Scale bar shows genetic distance expressed as nucleotide substitutions per site. The strains identified in this study are marked with a filled circle. All strains from Sabah belong to lineage I. The nucleotide sequences of our strains have been submitted to the databases of the DNA DataBank of Japan, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, and GenBank. The accession numbers are shown at the beginning of each strain.
Fig 9.
Comparison of the antigenic residues of VP7 present in genotype G3 strains of RotaTeq and the strains circulating in Sabah, Malaysia.
The respective antigenic epitopes are shown above the residue numbers. The amino acid residues in the Sabahan strains that differed from those in the vaccine strains are highlighted in yellow.
Fig 10.
Comparison of the antigenic residues of VP4 present in genotype G3 strains of RotaTeq and the strains circulating in Sabah, Malaysia.
The respective antigenic epitopes are shown above the residue numbers. The amino acid residues in the Sabahan strains that differed from those in the vaccine strains are highlighted in yellow.