Fig 1.
Examples of thionins including previous classification of thionins [18].
1HTH1, Hordothionin α [19]; 2Barley leaf-thionin DB4 [20]; 3Pyrularia thionin [21]; 4Viscotoxin A3 [22,23]; 5Crambin 2 [24,25]; 6Arabidopsis thaliana thionin 2.1 [26]; 7pTTH20 Neutral wheat thionin [27]; 8Tulipa gesneriana thionin4.1 (Genbank, submitted by Luyten et al. 1994).
Table 1.
Total hits obtained.
Table 2.
All thionin sequences from the 1 KP project.
Fig 2.
Phylogeny of angiosperms showing plant families with species having thionins.
Black, families containing previously known thionins; red, families with newly found thionins from the 1Kb project. Bold, families containing many thionins. Phylogeny modified from https://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/archaeplastida/viridiplantae/apg-phylogeny.htm.
Fig 3.
Sequence logos for thionins discovered by the 1KP project.
A, class 1 thionins; B, class 2 thionins; C, class 1 and class 2 thionins. Cysteine yellow, basic amino acids blue, acidic amino acids red, tyrosine pink, phenylalanine green.
Fig 4.
Alignment of Papaver thionin preproproteins with unusual pro domains.
RQNK-2047842, BMRX-2023477 and FPYZ-2131139 are from P. somniferum (PsoTHI2.1) while EPRK-2020112, FNXH-2029216 and MLPX-2033082 are from P. setigerum (PseTHI2.1). Cysteine yellow, basic amino acids blue, acidic amino acids red, tyrosine pink, phenylalanine green, proline grey, serine dark grey.
Fig 5.
PsoTHI1.7 encoded by the genomic clone from Papaver somniferum.
Capital letters are exons while lowercase letters indicate introns. Signal peptide marked grey, thionin domain marked yellow and acidic domain marked cyan. NcoI site marked green and BamHI site marked red.
Fig 6.
PsoTHI1.7 antimicrobial activity.
A, Fusarium oxysporum; B, Botrytis cinerea. Growth inhibition was calculated after growth for 48h. Values are from 3 biological replicates with standard deviation. C, Pseudomonas syringae; D, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Growth inhibition was calculated after growth for 24h. Values are from 3 biological replicates with standard deviation.
Fig 7.
Representative pictures taken from the microtiter plate wells of antimicrobial assays for B. cinerea and F. oxysporum.