Table 1.
Industry 4.0 technologies.
Table 2.
Maturity and readiness models.
Table 3.
Summary of applications of MCDM methods to solve different problems.
Fig 1.
Research scheme.
Fig 2.
Countries of Central and Eastern Europe belonging to the European Union.
Table 4.
Basic information about the CEE countries belonging to the EU (own elaboration based on [67]).
Table 5.
The adopted determinants characterizing the digitalization processes of enterprises in the CEE countries.
Table 6.
STRESS evaluation criteria [own elaboration based on [75]].
Table 7.
Selected statistical parameters of the indicators determining the level of digital maturity among all enterprises in the CEE countries.
Table 8.
Selected statistical parameters of the indicators determining the level of digital maturity among manufacturing enterprises in the CEE countries.
Fig 3.
Summary of the values of studied determinants with regard to digital maturity among enterprises in the CEE countries compared to the EU countries (a–all enterprises, b–manufacturing enterprises).
Fig 4.
Values of weights for the determinants of digital maturity for all and manufacturing enterprises in the CEE countries.
Table 9.
Total values of weights for individual dimensions of digital maturity of enterprises.
Fig 5.
Classification (ranking) of the CEE countries in terms of digital maturity among all enterprises using the MOORA, TOPSIS and VIKOR methods.
Fig 6.
Classification (ranking) of the CEE countries in terms of digital maturity among manufacturing companies using the MOORA, TOPSIS and VIKOR methods.
Table 10.
Values of indices classifying the digital maturity among all and manufacturing enterprises by the MOORA, TOPSIS and VIKOR methods for the CEE countries.
Fig 7.
Absolute differences in the rankings between the methods MOORA-TOPSIS, MOORA-VIKOR, TOPSIS-VIKOR (a–all enterprises, b–manufacturing enterprises).
Fig 8.
The ranking of the CEE countries in terms of digital maturity among their enterprises by the mean-rank method.
Fig 9.
Assessment of the level of digital maturity among enterprises in the CEE countries (a–all enterprises, b–manufacturing enterprises) (1 –high level, 2 –average high level, 3 –average low level, 4 –low level).
Fig 10.
Assessment of the level of digital maturity among enterprises in the CEE countries by the mean- rank method (1 –high level, 2 –average high level, 3 –average low level, 4 –low level).
Fig 11.
Similarities between the CEE countries in terms of digital maturity characterized by the set of 14 determinants in a two-dimensional space (a–all enterprises, b–manufacturing enterprises).
Table 11.
The value of STRESS function.
Fig 12.
Ratio of GDP value and % GDP spent on R&D vs ranking position in terms of digital maturity (a-GDP value vs ranking position for all enterprises; b-% GDP spent on R&D vs ranking position for all enterprises; c- GDP value versus ranking position for manufacturing enterprises; d-% GDP spent on R&D vs ranking position for manufacturing enterprises).