Fig 1.
Morphological loss of growth in sorghum plants exposed with Cr toxicity as compared to control plants.
Table 1.
Physicochemical properties of soil used during the present experiment.
Table 2.
Treatments details of AMF and GB provided in the soil before the plantation.
Fig 2.
Effects on Cr accumulation in roots (A and B), stems (C and D) and leaves (E and F) of different varieties of sorghum exposed to GB and AMF treatments under Cr toxicity at 35 & 95 DAS, respectively. Values represent the means ± S.E., N = 3, from three independent experiments. Different letters above the bars in each column indicate significant differences among treatment means based on the least significant difference (LSD) test at P ≤ 0.05.
Fig 3.
Effects on indices of oxidative stress viz. PPO activity (A and B), H2O2 content (C and D) and MDA level (E and F) in different varieties of sorghum exposed to GB and AMF treatments under Cr toxicity at 35 & 95 DAS, respectively. Data are expressed as means of three replications with ± S.E., N = 3, from three independent experiments. Different letters above the bars in each column indicate significant differences among treatment means based on the least significant difference (LSD) test at P ≤ 0.05.
Fig 4.
Effects on activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. SOD (A and B), APX (C and D), CAT (E and F), GR (G and H) and POD (I and J) in different varieties of sorghum exposed to GB and AMF treatments under Cr toxicity at 35 & 95 DAS, respectively. Data are expressed as means of three replications with ± S.E., N = 3, from three independent experiments. Different letters above the bars in each column indicate significant differences among treatment means based on the least significant difference (LSD) test at P ≤ 0.05.
Fig 5.
Effects on antioxidant metabolites viz. total glutathione (A and B), GSH (C and D) and GSSG (E and F) in different varieties of sorghum exposed to GB and AMF treatments under Cr toxicity at 35 & 95 DAS, respectively. Data are expressed as means of three replications with ± S.E., N = 3, from three independent experiments. Different letters above the bars in each column indicate significant differences among treatment means based on the least significant difference (LSD) test at P ≤ 0.05.
Fig 6.
Effects on antioxidant metabolites viz. ascorbate (A and B), β-carotene (C and D) and proline (E and F) in different varieties of sorghum exposed to GB and AMF treatments under Cr toxicity at 35 & 95 DAS, respectively. Data are expressed as means of three replications with ± S.E., N = 3, from three independent experiments. Different letters above the bars in each column indicate significant differences among treatment means based on the least significant difference (LSD) test at P ≤ 0.05.