Fig 1.
Frequency sweep curve of 2 wt% OCNF samples.
OCNF (2 wt%) with either 1 wt% Laponite (orange squares) or 1 wt% montmorillonite (blue circles).
Fig 2.
The tan(δ) values of mixtures of Laponite and montmorillonite with OCNF.
The negative error bars of 0.5 and 1 wt% montmorillonite in 0.75 wt% OCNF go beyond zero and are therefore not displayed on a log plot.
Fig 3.
Flow sweeps of OCNF and clays.
Flow sweep curves of 2 wt% OCNF (blue crosses), 1.5 wt% OCNF (blue circles), and 1.5 wt% OCNF with 0.5 wt% of either Laponite (green squares) or montmorillonite (orange triangles).
Fig 4.
Amplitude sweep curves of 1 wt% Laponite (orange squares) and 1 wt% montmorillonite (blue circles) in 1.5 wt% OCNF.
Storage moduli (G’) shown with filled symbols, loss moduli (G") shown in open symbols.
Fig 5.
Yield strains (top) and yield stresses (bottom) of mixtures of Laponite and montmorillonite with OCNF, taken from the amplitude sweep curves (see Supporting information).
Fig 6.
SAXS scattering data from OCNF and clay dispersions.
A) 1.5 wt% OCNF, 1 wt% Laponite in water, and 1 wt% Laponite in 1.5 wt% OCNF. The black line is the scattering of 1.5 wt% OCNF and 1 wt% Laponite in water added together. B) 1.5 wt% OCNF, 1 wt% montmorillonite in water, and 1 wt% Laponite in 1.5 wt% OCNF. The black line is the scattering of 1.5 wt% OCNF and 1 wt% montmorillonite in water added together, with normalization for intensity.
Fig 7.
Graphical illustration of the cellulose fibril and clay interactions.
Laponite (A) and montmorillonite (B) clay particles interact with the cellulose nanofibrils (green). Aggregates of the smaller laponite particles are more able to fit into and interact with the OCNF network than the much large aggregates of montmorillonite which leads to stronger interactions and more ‘gel-like’ properties.