Table 1.
Clinical data by study group.
Fig 1.
Selected ultrasound indices by study group.
Box and whisker plots of data of select ultrasound indices obtained from 113 dogs with cavitary effusion or pulmonary edema diagnosed with either right-sided congestive heart failure (R-CHF, n = 51, including 17 dogs with pericardial effusion and tamponade), left-sided congestive heart failure (L-CHF, n = 30), or noncardiac causes of cavitary effusion (NC, n = 32). A, caudal vena cava collapsibility index (CVC-CI) in 2D; B, caudal vena cava collapsibility index in M-mode; C, maximum caudal vena cava to aorta ratio (CVC:Ao) in 2D; D, maximum caudal vena cava to aorta ratio (CVC:Ao) in M-mode; E, ratio of right ventricular to left ventricular dimension (RV:LV) in long axis. Boxes represent the interquartile range while the horizontal line in each box represents the group median; whiskers represent the 5th and 95th percentiles, and the outliers are plotted as dots.
Fig 2.
Representative focused ultrasound images.
Representative images of caudal vena cava (CVC) sonographic indices taken from subxiphoid views in a patient with right-sided congestive heart failure (A, C, E, G) and a patient with noncardiac cause of cavitary effusion (B, D, F, H). A, B: Still 2-dimensional (2D) ultrasound images showing maximal sagittal diameter of the CVC (CVCmax) as it crosses the diaphragm. C, D: Still 2D ultrasound images showing minimal sagittal diameter of the CVC (CVCmin) as it crosses the diaphragm. E, F: M-mode image from a subxiphoid view showing CVCmax and CVCmin within a spontaneous respiratory cycle. G, H: Still 2D ultrasound images showing presence (G) and absence (H) of hepatic venous distension.
Table 2.
Focused ultrasound indices by study group.
Table 3.
Clinical and focused ultrasound variables for dogs with right-sided congestive heart failure (R-CHF) subanalyzed by dogs with pericardial effusion and tamponade (PCEFF) versus other causes of R-CHF.
Table 4.
Clinical and sonographic variables useful for predicting disease group.
Table 5.
Diagnostic accuracy of bodyweight-independent focused ultrasound variables to differentiate R-CHF (including PCEFF) from NC causes of cavitary effusion.