Fig 1.
Flow chart of study selection process.
Table 1.
Study and population characteristics of included studies for fracture outcome.
Table 2.
Study and population characteristics of included studies for bone mineral density outcome.
Table 3.
Study and population characteristics of included studies for bone microarchitecture outcome by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) or high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT).
Fig 2.
Forest plot of pooled effect size for the risk of fracture at any site in A) postmenopausal women, B) premenopausal women, and C) men with vs. without obesity, using a random-effect model.
Fig 3.
Forest plot of pooled effect size for the risk of hip fracture in A) postmenopausal women and B) men with vs. without obesity, using a random-effect model.
Fig 4.
Forest plot of pooled effect size for the total hip aBMD by DXA mean difference between A) postmenopausal women, B) premenopausal women and C) men with vs. without obesity, using a random-effect model.