Table 1.
Participant number, age, and starting emotional state of participants by language group in Experiment 1.
Fig 1.
Temperature visual scales used in Experiment 1.
The scales correspond to 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 Degrees Celsius (°C) and their equivalent in Degrees Fahrenheit (°F).
Fig 2.
Heatmap of overall associations in Experiment 1.
The heatmap shows the average ratings of the temperature-emotion associations with all the data. Less saturated red or orange indicates stronger associations.
Fig 3.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) biplot in Experiment 1.
The variables visualized are the temperature-emotion association ratings for the different temperatures. The individual observations of emotions per each language (in different colors and shapes) are superimposed. The emotion categories are color-coded following the canonical circumplex model of affect, starting with Tense/Bothered in the third quadrant. Dimension 1 seems to describe arousal, and Dimension 2 seems to describe valence. Associations in the PCA move clockwise with increasing temperature starting from 0°C in the third quadrant, which translates into a counterclockwise movement in the canonical circumplex model of affect.
Table 2.
ATS results in Experiment 1.
Fig 4.
Mean ratings and Wilcoxon Signed Ranked test results for the temperature-emotion association ratings in Experiment 1.
The y-axis is on a 1–5 scale, where 1 indicates the emotion and the temperature do not match well at all, and 5 indicates they match very well. The plots are divided into different blocks for each temperature (horizontally) within each language (vertically). The error bars represent the standard errors of the mean. The letters represent the different significance groups (p < .05) within each temperature and language as per the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.
Fig 5.
Mean temperature association ratings following Model 1 of the linear mixed model (LMM) analysis using temperature as a continuous variable.
The emotion adjectives appear in the x-axis, and the languages are color-coded. The error bars represent the confidence intervals.
Fig 6.
Language-to-language associations similarity in Experiment 1.
The matrix shows the Pearson correlation values (r) between each pair of language’s 12 × 5 temperature-emotion associations matrix. Higher values indicate higher similarity between the associations.
Table 3.
Blocks and response mappings in Experiment 2.
Fig 7.
Stimulus-response key assignment in Experiment 2.
The left-hand side (A1, A2) corresponds to assignments in the valence dimension, and the right-hand side (B1, B2) corresponds to the arousal dimension. Congruent assignments are presented in the upper panels and incongruent assignments are presented in the lower panels.
Fig 8.
Mean response times (A) and mean error rates (B) in the congruent pairings and incongruent pairings in the valence and arousal dimensions. Error bars represent the standard errors of the mean. The asterisks indicate statistically significant differences at p < .01 (**).