Fig 1.
Location maps (a) Israel in the SE Mediterranean modified after natural earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com in the public domain) (b) Shaded relief of the Israeli coast and location of archaeological sea level indicators and locations discussed in the current study (Republished from [21] under a CC BY license, with permission from [the geological Survey of Israel], original copyright [1994]) (c) Aerial photographs of Dor and the location of the archeological structures used in the current study.
Fig 2.
Selected examples of the new archaeological constructions used in the current study for establishing RSL; (a) Dor 8—the base of a terrestrial massive fortification wall (W16S-220); (b) Dor 10—base of a terrestrial massive fortification wall (W16S-210); (c) Dor 7—base of a terrestrial wall (W16S-240) (d) Dor 18 –floor level of passage in Assyrian sea gate (W16S-230); (e) an illustration showing the relationship between the coastal archaeological construction and its use for establishing the relative mean sea level.
Table 1.
The Israeli archeological features used in the current study for assessing the relative sea level of the Middle Bronze IIA to Roman period.
Fig 3.
Elevation model of the Roman rock cut pool from Dor.
(a) aerial photograph of the rock cut pool with ground control points used for georectification (b) a digital elevation model of the pool. The color indicates elevation variation while the black arrow shows elevation changes (relevant to MSL) in and adjacent to the Roman rock cut pool’s channel.
Fig 4.
Base elevation and timeline of the archaeological constructions used in the current research for evaluating relative sea level.
Fig 5.
Computed relative sea level for the coast of Israel with the chronological and vertical uncertainties.
Fig 6.
Synthetic RSL reconstructions at Dor obtained with the SELEN4 SLE solver.
Models ICE-5G(VM2a), ICE-6G (VM5a), ICE-7G (VM7) and ANU have been considered, as summarized in the main text. All the four GIA models have been implemented into the SELEN4 code.
Fig 7.
Synthetic RSL reconstructions at the site of Dor according to the ICE-6G (left) and ICE-7G (right) GIA models.
Each panel shows results obtained with the SELEN4 program by GS (in green) and those using the parameters used in Roy and Peltier [38] red, which were provided by WR Peltier for the current study. In both cases, the models are not in agreement with RSL observations at the Dor site, represented by black circles (see Table 1).