Fig 1.
GDP and its growth rate from 1985 to 2018.
Data source: China Statistical Yearbook. https://data.stats.gov.cn/search.htm?s=GDP.
Fig 2.
China’s total energy consumption and its composition from 1985 to 2018.
Fig 3.
China’s total energy production and its composition from 1985 to 2018.
Data source: China Statistical Yearbook. https://data.stats.gov.cn/index.htm.
Fig 4.
Changes in China’s energy supply and demand from 1985 to 2018.
Fig 5.
China’s energy elasticity consumption coefficient from 1990 to 2018.
Fig 6.
Logarithmic sequence trend chart of GDP, capital (K), labor (L), and energy (E).
Table 1.
Unit root test results of variables.
Table 2.
Determine the lag order.
Table 3.
Johansen test results.
Table 4.
Estimated long-run coefficients based on ARDL (4,4,4,0).
Table 5.
Estimated coefficient matrix of VEC model.
Fig 7.
Impulse response diagram.
Fig 8.
Impulse response results of LGDP affected by the four variables.
Fig 9.
Diagram of variance decomposition.
Fig 10.
Variance decomposition results of LGDP.