Fig 1.
Antioxidant indices of Wahui pigeons treated with LPS or saline.
The antioxidant indices of Wahui pigeons were detected in both groups on the first, third, and fifth days. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6 in each group); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Abbreviations: CAT—catalase; GSH—glutathione; SOD—superoxide dismutase; MDA—malondialdehyde.
Fig 2.
TNF-α, HMGB1, and IL-10 concentrations detected in the serum by ELISA on the first, third and fifth days.
Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6 in each group); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
Fig 3.
Detection of D-LA content in serum of Wahui pigeons.
Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6 in each group); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
Fig 4.
The intestinal microstructure of Wahui pigeons after LPS or saline treatment (100×).
A, B, and C show the ileum of saline-treated Wahui pigeons on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively; a, b, and c show the ileum of LPS-treated Wahui pigeons on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively.
Fig 5.
Detection of TNF-α in the ileum of LPS- and saline-treated Wahui pigeons.
The black arrows indicate TNF-α-positive cells (400×). A, B, and C show the ileum of saline-treated Wahui pigeons on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively; a, b, and c show the ileum of LPS-treated Wahui pigeons on days 1, 3, 5, respectively. D: The average optical density (AOD) of TNF-α. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6 in each group), and six visual fields were evaluated in each section; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
Fig 6.
Detection of IL-10 in the ileum of LPS- and saline-treated Wahui pigeons.
The black arrows indicate IL-10-positive cells (400×). A, B, and C show the ileum of saline-treated Wahui pigeons on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively; a, b, and c show the ileum of LPS-treated Wahui pigeons on days 1, 3, and 5, respectively. D: The average optical density (AOD) of IL-10. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6 in each group), and six visual fields were evaluated in each section; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
Fig 7.
Evaluation of the intestinal tight junctions of Wahui pigeons treated with LPS or saline.
The mRNA expression of Occludin, Claudin3, and ZO-1 in the ileum was detected by RT-qPCR on the first, third, and fifth days after LPS or saline treatment, and GAPDH was used as a reference gene. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6 in each group); For Wahui pigeons of the same age, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01.
Fig 8.
Levels of indicators of various signaling pathways in Wahui pigeons treated with LPS or saline.
The mRNA expression levels of Beclin1, Atg5, Caspase-3, Bcl-2, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, HMGB1, and IL-10 were detected by RT-qPCR on the first, third, and fifth days after LPS or saline treatment, and GAPDH was used as a reference gene. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation (n = 6 in each group); For Wahui pigeons of the same age, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01.