Fig 1.
Overview of sediment nourishment study site in Avalon, New Jersey, USA.
(a) Location of the study site. (b) Investigation layout, coir log containment, dredged outfall, and pipeline locations. Aerial images from The National Map Orthoimagery courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey (2020). (c) An image showing tall- and short-forms of S. alterniflora. Image taken by author.
Fig 2.
(a) Performing a cone penetrometer test and (b) cone penetrometer components.
Fig 3.
Example of (a) push speed in relation to the (b) sleeve resistance (fs) values.
Fig 4.
Example of Russian Peat Core sample from Transect A at 60 m.
The shallower portion (left) showing the dredged sediment and the deeper (right) showing the vegetated marsh sediment.
Fig 5.
Percent of fine grained material (<0.075 mm) with distance from the dredge outfall from field investigations.
Fig 6.
Average shear strength and dredged sediment depths along Transect A moving away from the discharge.
Shaded regions represent ±1 SD.
Table 1.
Site description and belowground characteristics along Transect A.
Fig 7.
Average shear strength and dredged sediment depths along Transect B moving away from the discharge.
Shaded regions represent ±1 SD.
Table 2.
Site description and belowground characteristics along Transect B.
Fig 8.
Average shear strength at the reference sites.
(a) Short- and (b) tall-form S. alterniflora sites. Shaded regions represent ±1 SD.
Fig 9.
Analogous trends between belowground biomass (g/cm3) and shear strength (kPa) with depth.
Horizontal bars are ±1 SD.
Fig 10.
Shear strength compared to belowground biomass measurements within the dredged sediment and marsh sediment samples.
Arrow illustrates the trajectory of dredged sediment to established marsh sediment.
Fig 11.
The influence of dredged sediment depths across varying intervals.
(a) Shear strength, (b) belowground biomass, (c) dry bulk density, and (d) moisture content (%) at ≤5 cm (red), 5–10 cm (blue), 10–30 cm (green), and >30 cm (gray). Shaded regions and horizontal bars represent ±1 SD.
Fig 12.
Average tip resistances for the (a) vegetated and (b) ponded zones, and (c) testing locations across construction tracks.
Red and blue circles denote the vegetated and ponded zones, respectively. Shaded regions represent ±1 SD.