Fig 1.
Flow diagram of the literature search and selection processes.
Table 1.
Basic information of the included studies.
Fig 2.
Forest plot comparing the pooled risks of improper breastfeeding posture and repeated milk stasis.
Fig 3.
Forest plot comparing the pooled risks of improper milking method, little or no nipple cleaning before breastfeeding, each breastfeeding duration>0.5 h and nipple sucking.
Fig 4.
Forest plot comparing the pooled risks of cesarean section, breast massage experience of non-medical staff, history of diabetes and history of mastitis.
Fig 5.
Forest plot comparing the pooled risks of abnormal nipple or crater nipple, primipara, breast trauma and low education level.
Fig 6.
Forest plot comparing the pooled risk of postpartum rest time less than 3 months.
Fig 7.
Forest plot comparing the pooled risks of the first six months postpartum, postpartum prone sleeping position and postpartum mood disorders.
Fig 8.
Sensitivity analysis for each breastfeeding duration>0.5 h.
Fig 9.
Sensitivity analysis for nipple sucking.
Fig 10.
Sensitivity analysis for postpartum mood disorders.
Table 2.
The results of the PAR and the Nfs for risk factors associated with LM.
Fig 11.
Egger’s publication bias plot for little or no nipple cleaning.
Fig 12.
Egger’s publication bias plot for postpartum mood disorders.