Fig 1.
Spatial distribution of records from the amphibian database.
A total of 37,328 records from 635 native species (including Rana catesbeiana, an introduced species) assessed for the IUCN Red List of Ecuadorian amphibians. Categories in the legend correspond to the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP, from Spanish acronym) in Ecuador. Details of collections, sources, and databases are provided in the S2 Table.
Table 1.
Major threats with their subcategories, influence distance, decay function, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) intensity value estimated for modeling threats to Ecuadorian amphibians.
Fig 2.
IUCN Red List of amphibians from Ecuador.
The number of species by (a) Categories and (b) Criteria. Categories: CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient, NE = Not Evaluated—corresponds to Rana catesbeiana, an invasive species in Ecuador. Atelopus ignescens (Critically Endangered) was believed to be extinct until its rediscovery in 2016. Illustration by PARG.
Table 2.
Number of taxa and records analyzed from databases for the National Red List Assessment.
Fig 3.
A taxonomic perspective of the Red List status of amphibians in Ecuador.
The species composition (% of threatened species) of each family in Anura (dark blue), Caudata (bright blue), and Gymnophiona (purple) is characterized by ribbons connected to the current Red List status for each species. The numerical values below each family name depict the relative percentage with the associated Red List category: CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, and DD = Data Deficient. Two endemic and threatened frogs are illustrated by Atelopus coynei (Critically endangered) distributed in northern Andes of Ecuador, whereas Excidobates condor (Endangered) is distributed in the Cordillera del Condor, southeastern Ecuador. Both species are threatened by habitat loss, mining, and climate change. Illustrations by PARG.
Table 3.
Species (percentage) and threat categories, assessed by family in Ecuadorian amphibians.
Table 4.
Number of amphibian species that changed their conservation status from the previous Ecuadorian Red List [27].
Fig 4.
High resolution (30 m x 30 m) Environmental Risk Surface (ERS) model for Ecuadorian amphibians.
Values of the ERS range from 0 (Green, low) to 1 (Red, high) to represent threat intensity. Shaded areas correspond to the National System of Protected areas shown in Fig 1.
Fig 5.
Major threats associated with amphibian taxa (% of locality records in the database) by conservation categories in Ecuador.
Environmental contractions on climate change scenarios for RPC4.5 and RPC 8.5 are shown for those species with more than 50% of shift.
Fig 6.
Cumulative species richness for threatened taxa (n = 265 models) by Red List category.
Maps with cumulative species (Num sp) models per category and family are shown in S3–S5 Figs.
Fig 7.
Occurrence data of threatened Ecuadorian amphibians by (a) taxonomic families, (b) endemic taxa to Ecuador, and (c) Red List categories in an altitudinal gradient. Risk categories: CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, DD = Data Deficient. Least Concern taxa have been removed.
Fig 8.
Occurrence data of NT (green), DD (grey), and NE (blue) Ecuadorian amphibian species, by Red List category and family. Only families with species in these categories are shown.
Fig 9.
Frequency of locality records of amphibians in each risk category by natural regions in Ecuador.
Categories: CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, DD = Data Deficient. Least Concern taxa have been removed from this figure.
Fig 10.
The IUCN Red List of amphibians from Ecuador representation in the National System of Protected Areas.
Categories: CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient. SNAP–Governmental National System of Protected Areas, from the Spanish acronym.