Table 1.
Aphidius ervi samples used for genetic analyses.
Fig 1.
Phylogenetic tree of Aphidiinae reconstruction using Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML).
Solid circles show nodes supported by both BI and ML analyses (posterior probability > 0.9 and bootstrap value > 90). Open circles show nodes supported by BI analysis only. Individuals identified as Aphidius ervi using morphological characters are colored in green. The tree was reconstructed using sequences from BOLD, GenBank and from the present study. Haplotypes sampled in this study are numbered from H01 to H16. Scaling is expressed in the proportion of substituted bases per site.
Fig 2.
Genetic diversity of Aphidius ervi based on COI sequences.
A: Bayesian inference (BI) / Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree and Median Joining haplotype network of commercial and ‘wild’ parasitoids sampled in strawberry greenhouses and other agroecosystems. On the tree, the first value at nodes shows posterior probability (BI analysis) and the second value shows bootstrap value (ML analysis). Scaling is expressed in the proportion of substituted bases per site. B: Median Joining network of commercial parasitoids according to the supplier. C: Median Joining network of ‘wild’ parasitoids according to the host plant, the location and the aphid host. In haplotype networks, hatch marks indicate a mutation between haplotypes.
Table 2.
Genetic variability of Aphidius ervi on seven microsatellite loci in each putative population and subpopulation.
Fig 3.
Genetic structure of Aphidius ervi based on seven microsatellite loci for all parasitoids (commercial and wild): (a) inference of population structure using Bayesian clustering with the program STRUCTURE (K = 2 and K = 3, the most probable numbers of clusters are presented, coefficient of ancestry is an average on ten runs) and (b) Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components according to the origin of the parasitoids (wild or commercial).
Table 3.
Genetic differentiation between putative populations and subpopulations of Aphidius ervi: Pairwise FST and Jost’s D values based on seven microsatellite loci with Confidence Intervals (CI).
Fig 4.
Genetic structure of wild Aphidius ervi based on seven microsatellite loci: (a) inference of population structure using Bayesian clustering with the program STRUCTURE (K = 4, the most probable number of clusters is presented, coefficient of ancestry is an average on ten runs) and (b) Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components according to the host plant on which individuals were collected. Putative populations are distinguished by colors and inertia ellipses.
Fig 5.
Genetic structure of wild Aphidius ervi collected in strawberry greenhouses based on seven microsatellite loci: (a) inference of population structure using Bayesian clustering with the program STRUCTURE (K = 2, the most probable number of clusters is presented, coefficient of ancestry is an average on ten runs) and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components according to (b) the region of sampling and (c) to the aphid host. Putative populations are distinguished by colors and inertia ellipses.
Fig 6.
Percentage of individuals assigned in each cluster (with a threshold of coefficient of ancestry Q > 0.8) using Bayesian clustering with the program STRUCTURE.
(a) ‘wild’ individuals according to the host plant and the region of sampling with four clusters. (b) ‘wild’ individuals from strawberry greenhouses according to the aphid host with two clusters. W: ‘West’; SW: ‘Southwest’; C: ‘Center’; E: ‘East’; SE: ‘Southeast’.