Fig 1.
Evaluation of anther indehiscence in common bean.
A: Dehiscent anthers, B: Indehiscent anthers.
Fig 2.
Classification of pods according to the seed characteristics.
1: Pods with well-formed seeds (PdWF); 2: Pods with shriveled seeds (PdShr); 3: Pods with partially well-formed seeds (PdPWF); 4: Pods with aborted embryos (PdAE); 5: Pods that are empty (PdE). On the right the range of seed formation defects that was observed in the heat stress trials is shown.
Fig 3.
Detection of viable and non-viable pollen.
(A) Visual differences between viable (stained red) and non-viable (transparent) pollen stained with acetocarmine. (B) Excerpt of a pollen grain image showing segmentation and pollen classification results from HYRBEAN image analysis tool. Viable pollen is boxed in yellow, non-viable pollen in blue. (C, D) Correlations between pollen counts from visual scoring and HYRBEAN automated scoring, for viable and non-viable pollen, based on 2000 images from acetocarmine pollen staining. r represents the Pearson correlation.
Fig 4.
Distributions of maximum and minimum daily temperatures during vegetative and reproductive phases.
Shown are the heat stress trials (HS) in Alvarado 2016/2017 and non-stress trial (NS) in Palmira 2017.
Table 1.
Overview of phenotypic data of the IJR x AFR298 population evaluated in heat stress (HS) and non-stress (NS) trials.
Table 2.
Phenotypic correlations between trials in heat stress (HS) and non-stress (NS).
Fig 5.
Phenotypic trait correlations in the IJR x AFR298 population, in non-stress (NS, lower left) and heat stress conditions (HSC, upper right). For abbreviations see Table 1. Pearson correlations shown with significance levels *, **, *** as p values > = 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
Fig 6.
Phenotypic correlation of % yield retention and flowering time under heat stress (in % compared to non-stress).
r represents Pearson’s correlation.
Fig 7.
QTLs identified in the IJR x AFR298 population evaluated under heat stress (HS) and non-stress (NS) conditions.
Evaluation of 107 lines with 162 polymorphic markers identified QTLs for nine traits. The eight chromosomes that harbor these QTLs are shown. The source of the positive allele is indicated in red for IJR and green for AFR298. For trait abbreviations see Table 1.
Table 3.
QTLs identified in the IJR x AFR298 population evaluated under heat stress (HS) and non-stress (NS) conditions.
Fig 8.
Allelic effects of significant flanking marker pairs in the QTLs analysis.
Effects are shown as boxplots as well as violin plots for QTLs for the traits pods that are empty (PdE), pods with shriveled seed (PdShr), pod harvest index (PHI), pollen viability (PolVia) and seed per pod (SdPd) in the lines evaluated in HS2016. Only lines with homozygous marker calls are shown.
Table 4.
Selected RIL lines that carry favorable alleles of QTLs for PolVia5.1, PdShr1.1 and PdE1.1 and their phenotypes.