Table 1.
Search strategy used in electronic databases including PubMed, CINAHL Plus (EBSCOhost), Web of Science, Embase (OVID), MEDLINE (OVID) and APA PsycINFO (OVID).
Table 2.
Quality rating instrument adjusted specifically for the current review (informed mainly by Downs and Black Scale).
Fig 1.
Flowchart of study selection.
Table 3.
Inclusion/Exclusion criteria and demographic characteristics of all included studies.
Table 4.
Measurement protocol of studies measuring joint position sense error.
Fig 2.
Forest plot demonstrating meta-analysis of absolute error (in degrees) of JPS when repositioning the head to neutral-head-position from extension and rotation and when repositioning the head toward targets set at 30° and 50° rotation from neutral-head-position in people with WAD vs. HC.
WAD: whiplash-associated disorder; HC: healthy control; SD: standard deviation; IV: inverse variance; CI: confidence interval; Std: standardized.
Fig 3.
Forest plot, without meta-analysis, demonstrating absolute error (in degrees) of JPS when repositioning the head to neutral-head-position from flexion and when repositioning the head toward a target set at 20° side-bending from neutral-head-position in people with WAD vs. HC.
WAD: whiplash-associated disorder; HC: healthy control; SD: standard deviation; IV: inverse variance; CI: confidence interval; Std: standardized.
Fig 4.
Forest plot demonstrating meta-analysis of absolute error (in degrees) of JPS when repositioning the head to neutral-head-position from extension and rotation in WADD group vs. WADND group.
WADD: whiplash-associated disorder presenting with dizziness; WADND: whiplash-associated disorder not presenting with dizziness; SD: standard deviation; IV: inverse variance; CI: confidence interval; Std: standardized.
Table 5.
Measurement protocol of studies measuring standing balance.
Fig 5.
Forest plot demonstrating meta-analysis of sway velocity and sway amplitude (eyes open) in people with WAD vs. HC.
WAD: whiplash-associated disorder; HC: healthy control; SD: standard deviation; IV: inverse variance; CI: confidence interval; Std: standardized; MVEL: mean velocity (mm/s); PL: path length (mm); AR: area (mm2); PAR: perimeter of sway area (mm); AMP: amplitude (mm); AP: anteroposterior; NSW: narrow stance width.
Fig 6.
Forest plot, without meta-analysis, demonstrating sway velocity, sway amplitude and sway energy (eyes open) in people with WAD vs. HC.
WAD: whiplash-associated disorder; HC: healthy control; SD: standard deviation; IV: inverse variance; CI: confidence interval; Std: standardized; VEL: velocity (mm/s); PL: path length (mm); AMP: amplitude (mm); RNG: range (mm); AP: anteroposterior; ML: mediolateral; CSW: comfortable stance width; NSW: narrow stance width.
Fig 7.
Forest plot demonstrating meta-analysis of sway velocity and sway amplitude (eyes closed) in people with WAD vs. HC.
WAD: whiplash-associated disorder; HC: healthy control; SD: standard deviation; IV: inverse variance; CI: confidence interval; Std: standardized; MVEL: mean velocity (mm/s); PL: path length (mm); AR: area (mm2); PAR: perimeter of sway area (mm); AMP: amplitude (mm); AP: anteroposterior; NSW: narrow stance width.
Fig 8.
Forest plot, without meta-analysis, demonstrating sway velocity, sway amplitude and sway energy (eyes closed) in people with WAD vs. HC.
WAD: whiplash-associated disorder; HC: healthy control; SD: standard deviation; IV: inverse variance; CI: confidence interval; Std: standardized; VEL: mean velocity (mm/s); PL: path length (mm); RNG: range (mm); AMP: amplitude (mm); AP: anteroposterior; ML: mediolateral; CSW: comfortable stance width; NSW: narrow stance width.
Fig 9.
Forest plot, without meta-analysis, demonstrating sway energy (eyes closed) in WADD vs. WADND groups.
WADD: whiplash-associated disorder presenting with dizziness; WADND: whiplash-associated disorder not presenting with dizziness; SD: standard deviation; IV: inverse variance; CI: confidence interval; Std: standardized.
Table 6.
Quality rating of included studies using the modified Downs and Black Scale.