Fig 1.
Workflow for collection, storage and analysis of spatiotemporal data.
Fig 2.
Emergence and dissemination of human plague cases by municipality in the mesoregions of the state of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, 1902–1966.
On top: Localization of Pernambuco and Brazil in South America and the mesoregions. A-F: Spatial and temporal distribution of the human plague cases, showing the municipalities affected for the first time (dark red) and those previously affected (light red). Shapefiles of Pernambuco and counties limits were obtained from IBGE (public-domain access).
Fig 3.
Spatial distribution and risk analysis of human plague cases in Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil between the years 1945–1976 with the identification of the mesoregions.
(A) Spatial distribution of human plague by number of occurrences per municipality; (B) Identification of risk areas for the occurrence of the disease by application of KDE and Scan in cases of human plague in Pernambuco. Shapefiles of Pernambuco and counties limits were obtained from IBGE (public-domain access).
Fig 4.
Spatial distribution of human plague cases in Exu, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, in the period 1945–1976 considering the number of cases per locality and the relationship with altimetry.
Shapefile of Exu was obtained from IBGE; DEM from SRTM (http://www.dsr.inpe.br/topodata/); and Hydrography from CPRM. Images were used for illustrative purposes only.
Fig 5.
Spatiotemporal distribution of human plague cases in Exu, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil.
(A) Showing the concentration of human plague cases in the urban area of Exu in the period of 1945–1955; (B) Dispersion of cases to the rural areas during the second epidemic period 1961–1975; and the timeline shift within each period stratified by color scale: dark green, cases at the beginning of each period and dark red, those at the end of each period (C) distribution of cases by locality 1945–1954 and (D) 1961–1975. Shapefile of Exu was obtained from IBGE; and Hydrography from CPRM. Image was used for illustrative purposes only.
Fig 6.
Application of KDE and Scan in the human plague cases in Exu, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil in the period 1945–1955 (A) and 1961–1975 (B). Retrospective Space-Time analysis scanning for clusters with short or long survival using the Exponential model. Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR). Shapefile of Exu was obtained from IBGE; and Hydrography from CPRM. Image was used for illustrative purposes only.