Fig 1.
The macrograph of the female South African painted dogs and dimension of the eyeball and anatomy of the eye tunics.
(a) 1—first female (13 years and 9 months old). (b) 2—second female (7 years and 1 month old). (c) anterior view of the eyeball. (d) lateral view of the eyeball (see dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior orientation of the eyeball). (e-f) internal view of the eyeball surface. al—axial, c—cornea, cb—ciliary body, ch—choroid, mac—maximum corneal, mat—maximum transverse, mic—minimum corneal, mit—minimum transverse, od—optic disc, p—pupil, s—sclera, tp—tapetum lucidum.
Fig 2.
Schematic draw of the eyeball measurements and orbital parameters of the female South African painted dogs.
(a) rostral view of the eyeball measurements. (b) lateral view of the eyball measurements. (c) lateral view of the skull with orbital parameters. al—axial length, fb—frontal bone, lb—lacrimal bone, lt—lens thickness, mac—maximum corneal, mat—maximum transverse, mic—minimum corneal, mit—minimum transverse, zb—zygomatic bone.
Table 1.
Dimensions (mm) of the eyeball parameters of the females South African painted dog (n = 2).
Table 2.
Dimensions (μm) of the histological parameters of the eye tunics of female South African painted dog (n = 1).
Fig 3.
Characterization of the structure of the fibrous layer of the eyeball in the female South African painted dogs using light microscopy.
(a) Sclera with the visible choroid, intraorbital fat body and retractor bulbi muscle. Azan trichrome staining. (b) The anterior corneal epithelium and anterior limiting membrane (Bowman’s membrane) and proper substance of the cornea. H&E staining. (c) The proper substance of the cornea with the posterior limiting membrane (Descemet’s membrane) with a strongly positive P.A.S. reaction. (d) The posterior corneal epithelium with numerous melanocyte aggregates. H&E staining. (e) The palisades of Vogt present in the corneal limbus epithelium. H&E staining. ace—anterior corneal epithelium, alm–anterior limiting membrane, ch–choroid, s–sclera, ifb–intraperiorbital fat body, pce–posterior corneal epithelium, plm–posterior limiting membrane, psc–proper substance of cornea, pV–palisades of Vogt, re–retractor of eyeball, Scale bars: (a) = 200 μm, (b–e) = 20 μm.
Fig 4.
Characterisation of the structure of the vascular layer and lens of the eyeball in the females South African painted dog using light microscopy.
(a, b) The choroid layers. Movat pentachrome staining (a) and Masson trichrome staining (b). (c, d) The cellular tapetum lucidum. picro-Mallory trichrome staining. (e) The ciliary body with visible pars plana and pars plicata and ciliary processes. H&E staining. (f) The ciliary body with ciliary muscle. picro-Mallory trichrome staining. (g) The iris with of the sphincter pupil. picro-Mallory trichrome staining. (h) The iris with of the dilator pupil. picro-Mallory trichrome staining. (i) The lens with visible lens capsule and lens epithelium. H&E staining. ache–anterior chamber of eyeball, bl—basal lamine, c–cornea, cp in red square—capillary, cm–ciliary muscle, cp–ciliary processes, dp–dilator of pupil, lc–lens capsule, lcv–lamina of capillary vessels, le–lens epithelium, lf–lens fibres m–melanocytes, pche–posterior chamber of eyeball, pli–pigmented layer of iris, ppla–pars plana, ppli—pars plicata, s–sclera, Schc—Schlemm’s canal, si–stroma of iris, sl–suprachoroid layer, sp–sphincter of pupil, tp–tapetum lucidum, vl—vascular layer. Scale bars: (a–c, h) = 50 μm, (d, i) = 20 μm, (e, g) = 200 μm, (f) = 100 μm.
Fig 5.
The macrograph of the bony orbit anatomy and orbital parameters of the females South African painted dog.
(a-d,f) lateral view of the orbita. (e) dorsal view of the skull. ef–ethmoidal foramen, fr–foramen rotundum, lf–lacrimal foramen, oc—optic canal, of–orbital fissure, pc–pterygoid crest, raf–rostral alar foramen, tf–trochlear fovea, A–orbital vertical length, B–orbital horizontal width, D–orbital depth, F1—at rostral level, F2—at middle level, F3—at caudal level, G–frontal length, H–lacrimal length, I–malar length.
Table 3.
Dimensions of the orbital parameters of the skull of the females South African painted dog (n = 2).
Fig 6.
The macrograph (a) and histological images (b—g) of the upper and lower eyelids of the females South African Painted Dog. (b, e)—H&E staining, (c, d)—Movat pentachrome staining, (f)—picro-Mallory trichrome staining, (g)—Masson-Goldner trichrome. ase—anterior surface of eyelid, black arrow—conjunctival fold, cg—ciliary glands, dct—dense connective tissue, e—epithelium, lp—lamina propria, m—melanocytes, mg—marginal zone, oz—orbital zone, red arrow—lymphoid follicle, sc—stratum corneum, sg—sebaceous glands, t—tarsus, tg—tarsal gland. Scale bars: (a) = 2 cm, (b, e, g) = 20 μm, (c, d, f) = 100 μm.
Table 4.
Dimensions (mm) of the macroscopic parameters of eyelids and orbital glands of the females South African painted dog (n = 2).
Fig 7.
The histochemical images of the upper and lower eyelids of the females South African painted dog.
(a) P.A.S. positive reaction (+++) in goblet cells located in posterior surface of eyelids. (b) AB pH 1.0 negative reaction (–) in the sebaceous and ciliary glands. (c) AB pH 2.5 negative reaction (–) in the sebaceous glands and slightly positive reaction (–/+) in the ciliary glands. (d) AB pH 2.5 P.A.S. strongly positive reaction (+++, violet color) in the goblet cells in posterior surface of eyelid. (e) HDI negative reaction (–) in the sebaceous gland and weakly positive reaction (–/+) in the ciliary glands. cg − ciliary glands, gc—goblet cells. Scale bars: (a, c, e) = 50 μm, (b) = 100 μm, (d) = 20 μm.
Fig 8.
The macrograph (a) and histological images (b–e) of the superficial gland of the third eyelid of the females South African Painted Dog. (a) lateral view of the third eyelid with the superficial gland of the third eyelid (see dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior orientation of the eyeball). (b, c) superficial gland of the third eyelid. H&E staining. (d) superficial gland of the third eyelid. Movat pentachrome staining. (e) superficial gland of the third eyelid. picro-Mallory trichrome staining. a–acini, at—adipose tissue, c–capsule, efb–extraperiorbital fat body, is–interlobar septa, l–lobes, md–main ducts, msu–mucous secretory units, sgte–superficial gland of the third eyelid, tp—palpebra tertia (third eyelid), tu–tubules. Scale bars: (a) = 6 cm, (b, c) = 200 μm, (d, e) = 50 μm.
Fig 9.
The histochemical images of the superficial gland of the third eyelid of the females South African painted dog.
(a) P.A.S. weakly positive reaction (+) in the acini. (b) AB pH 1.0 slightly reaction (–/+) in the secretory cells. (c) AB pH 2.5 middle positive reaction (++) in the glandular acini. (d) AB pH 2.5 P.A.S. weakly positive reaction (+, blue color) in the acini. (e) HDI strongly positive reaction (+++) in the secretory cells. Scale bars: (a, b, d, e) = 50 μm, (c) = 20 μm.
Table 5.
Dimensions (μm) of the histological parameters of the orbital glands of females South African painted dog (n = 2).
Fig 10.
The macrograph (a) and histological (b–e, j) and histochemical images (f–i) of the third eyelid of the females South African Painted Dog. (a) view of the third eyelid. (b, c, j) histological view of the third eyelid. H&E staining. (d, e) histological view of the third eyelid. Movat pentachrome staining. (f) P.A.S. strongly positive reaction (+++) in the goblet cells located in the bulbar conjunctiva and conjunctival sac. (g) AB pH 2.5 strongly positive reaction (+++) in the goblet cells. (h) AB pH 2.5 P.A.S. middle positive reaction (++, violet color) and strongly positive reaction (+++, blue color) in the goblet cells. (i) HDI positive reaction (++/+++) in the goblet cells. bc–bulbar conjunctiva, cf—collagen fibres, clna–conjunctival lymph noduli aggregate, cte—cartilage of the third eyelid, ef—elastic fibres, fm—free margin, gc–goblet cells, m–melanocytes, pc—palpebral conjunctiva, te–third eyelid. Scale bars: (a) = 5 cm, (b, h, j) = 100 μm, (c–g) = 50 μm, (i) = 20 μm.
Table 6.
Histochemical examination of the upper and lower eyelid, superficial gland of the third eyelid, third eyelid and lacrimal gland of the South African painted dog (n = 2).
Fig 11.
The macrograph (a) and histological images (b–f) of the lacrimal gland of the females South African Painted Dog. (a) view of the lacrimal gland (see dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior orientation of the eyeball). (b, e, f) lacrimal gland. H&E staining. (c) lacrimal gland. Azan trichrome staining. (d) lacrimal gland. Movat pentachrome staining. a—acini, at—adipose tissue, c—capsule, ed—excretory duct, is—interlobar septa, l—lobes, lg—lacrimal gland, ln—lymph nodule, lym—lymphocytes, sdl—serous demilunes, tu—tubules. Scale bars: (a) = 5 cm, (b, e) = 100 μm, (d) = 50 μm, (c, f) = 20 μm.
Fig 12.
The histochemical images of the lacrimal gland of the females South African painted dog.
(a) P.A.S. strongly positive reaction (+++) in the acini. (b) AB pH 1.0 weakly reaction (+) in the secretory cells. (c) AB pH 2.5 slightly reaction (+) in the glandular acini. (d) AB pH 2.5 P.A.S. strongly positive reaction (+++, violet color) in the acini. (e) HDI middle positive reaction (+/++) in the secretory cells. Scale bars: (a–c, e) = 20 μm, (d) = 50 μm.