Table 1.
Eligibility criteria in accordance with the PICOS framework.
Fig 1.
PRISMA flow diagram of search and selection of studies.
Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
Table 3.
Quality evaluation of included studies.
Table 4.
Quality assessment of evidence for neuromuscular changes in people with recurrent spinal pain (GRADE).
Fig 2.
Quantitative synthesis for TrA thickness change.
Studies comparing the change of TrA thickness measured with ultrasound in people with recurrent LBP and a control group. Means and standard deviations (SD) of the TrA activation ratio are reported.
Fig 3.
Post-hoc subgroup analysis for TrA thickness change.
Forest plots of studies comparing the TrA thickness change measured with ultrasound in people with recurrent LBP and a control group. (A) Studies where participants received training and feedback before testing. (B) No practice was allowed before testing. Mean and standard deviations (SD) of the TrA activation ratio are reported.