Fig 1.
Queen cell acceptance rate (shows as mean ± SE) of Italian and Carniolan bee races from 10 colonies (five colonies of each race) over three collection time points.
“***” represents statistically significant differences (Student’s t-test, p<0.05).
Fig 2.
Mean weight (mean ± SE) of royal jelly for Italian and Carniolan lines around 72 hours after larval grafting (a) RJ production per colonies in grams after 72 h harvesting and (b) RJ production per cell cup in (mg) between both bee stocks. “***” represents statistically significant differences (Student’s t-test, p<0.05).
Fig 3.
The effect of various priming media or coating material on queen cell acceptance rate (shows as mean ± SE) between Italian and Carniolan colonies.
“a, b, c, d, e” different letter represents significant mean differences (Student’s t-test, p<0.05).
Table 1.
The effect of various cup material priming media on the queen cell acceptance rate and royal jelly yield between Italian and Carniolan bee colonies.
Fig 4.
The effect of various priming media on royal jelly (mean ± SE) production of Italian and Carniolan colonies.
(a) RJ production per colonies in grams after 72 hours of harvesting, (b) RJ production per cell cup in (mg) between both bee stocks. “a, b, c” different letter represents significant mean differences (Student’s t-test, p<0.05).
Table 2.
The effect of various diets on the queen cell acceptance rate and royal jelly production between Italian and Carniolan bee colonies.
Fig 5.
The effect of various diets [Diet 1 = pollen from a natural source; Diet 2 = pollen substitutes (soybean flour + brewer’s yeast powder); Diet 3 = sugar syrup (1:1 with water)] on the queen cell acceptance rate (shows as mean ± SE) between Italian and Carniolan colonies.
“a, b, c” different letter represents significant mean differences (Student’s t-test, p<0.05).
Fig 6.
The effect of various diets [Diet 1 = pollen from a natural source; Diet 2 = pollen substitutes (soybean flour + brewer’s yeast powder); Diet 3 = sugar syrup (1:1 with water)] on royal jelly (mean ± SE) production in Italian and Carniolan colonies.
(a) RJ production per colonies in grams after 72 hours of harvesting, (b) RJ production per cell cup in (mg) between both bee stocks. “a, b, c” different letter represents significant mean differences (Student’s t-test, p<0.05).
Fig 7.
The effect of various season on queen cell acceptance rate (shows as mean ± SE) between Italian and Carniolan colonies.
“***” represents statistically significant differences (Student’s t-test, p<0.05).
Table 3.
The percentage of queen cell acceptance rate and royal jelly yield between Italian and Carniolan bees during summer and winter seasons.
Fig 8.
The mean weight of royal jelly (shows as mean ± SE) production between Italian and Carniolan colonies during summer and winter.
(a) RJ production per colonies in grams after 72 hours of harvesting, (b) RJ production per cell cup in (mg) between both bee stocks. “a, b, c” different letter represents significant mean differences (Student’s t-test, p<0.05).