Fig 1.
Research framework.
Fig 2.
Guidance in selecting experts for interviews (Source: adapted from Libakova and Sertakova [40].
Table 1.
Profile of interviewees.
Table 2.
Interview questions.
Fig 3.
Number of passengers for rail transit services in Klang Valley, 2011–2018 (Source: Ministry of Transport Malaysia).
Table 3.
Ecosystem and characteristics of rail-based transit system in Malaysia.
Fig 4.
Number of motor vehicles per unit length of the road (km) (Source: Based on ASEANstats 2018, assessed on 9 April 2020).
Fig 5.
Number and percentage of growth of road vehicles in Klang Valley, 2009–2019 (Source: Ministry of Transport Malaysia).
Data 2009–2015 from data.gov.my (www.data.gov.my/data/ms_MY/dataset/bilangan-kenderaan-di-atas-jalan-raya-mengikut-negeri) while data 2015–2019 from Transport Statistics Malaysia (various years), Ministry of Transport Malaysia. Areas covered under Klang Valley include Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and Selangor.
Fig 6.
Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km) (Source: The World Bank Group, World Development Indicators, assessed on 9 April 2020).
Table 4.
Public perception on train services efficiency and road quality.
Table 5.
Estimated value of economic activities created over MRT projects in Klang Valley.
Fig 7.
Proposed framework for sustainable railway system.