Fig 1.
Experimental programme of the study.
Fig 2.
Visual appearance of (a) PPC, (b) sulfur.
Fig 3.
FTIR spectrum of PPC.
Table 1.
Formulations and expression for separation indices (SIs).
Fig 4.
Temperature sweep results of PPC modified binders with different sulfur contents.
Fig 5.
Frequency sweep results (a) storage and loss moduli (b) G* and δ.
Fig 6.
G* for unmodified and PPC modified binders with sulfur at multiple frequencies.
Fig 7.
Cross model fit to complex viscosity-frequency data for PPC modified binders.
Fig 8.
ZSV results.
Fig 9.
MSCR Jnr results.
Fig 10.
MSCR recovery results.
Fig 11.
SIs as function of temperature, SI based on (a) ratio and max-avg formulations of G*, (b) ratio formulation of G*/sin δ and SRP, and (c) max-avg formulation of G*/sin δ and SRP.
Fig 12.
SIs as function of frequency, SI based on (a) ratio and max-avg formulations of G*, (b) ratio formulation of G*/sin δ and SRP, and (c) max-avg formulation of G*/sin δ and SRP.
Table 2.
Multiple comparison results from ANOVA.
Fig 13.
SI based on ZSV.
Fig 14.
SI based on MSCR Jnr.
Fig 15.
Softening point difference results.
Fig 16.
FTIR spectra of top and bottom segment binders (a) control, (b) PPC-0.15S, (c) PPC-0.3S, and (d) PPC-0.45S.
Table 3.
Principal components obtained from PCA.
Table 4.
PCA loadings for the first principal component (PC1).
Fig 17.
PCA biplot for temperature sweep.
Fig 18.
PCA biplot for frequency sweep.