Fig 1.
PRISMA diagram for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Table 1.
Characteristics of included pure Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) studies (k = 13).
Table 2.
Characteristics of included mixed Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) studies (k = 24).
Fig 2.
The efficacy of pure PNF on frequency across follow-up periods, b.
a Number of participants in all studies: 0–3 months PNF n = 2128, control n = 800; 4–11 months PNF n = 2043, control n = 807; 12–23 months PNF n = 1330, control n = 316. b Insufficient studies were available for meta-analyses at 24 months+.
Fig 3.
The efficacy of pure PNF on symptom severity across follow-up periodsa, b.
a Number of participants in all studies: 0–3 months PNF n = 3396, control n = 1364; 4–11 months PNF n = 2753, control n = 950; 12–23 months PNF n = 1330, control n = 316. b Insufficient studies were available for meta-analyses at 24 months+.
Fig 4.
The efficacy of mixed PNF on frequency across follow-up periodsa, b.
a Number of participants in all studies: 0–3 months PNF n = 3192, control n = 2532; 4–11 months PNF n = 3722, control n = 3639; 12–23 months PNF n = 444, control n = 478b Insufficient studies were available for meta-analyses at 24 months+.
Fig 5.
The efficacy of mixed PNF on symptom severity across follow-up periodsa, b.
a Number of participants in all studies: 0–3 months PNF n = 3145, control n = 2369; 4–11 months PNF n = 4149, control n = 4068; 12–23 months PNF n = 444, control n = 478. b Insufficient studies were available for meta-analyses at 24 months+.