Fig 1.
Virtual (A) and Real (B) set up for the wheel change. The equipment used in virtual and real tasks: C: mock impact wrench with location markers; D: LCD shutter glasses; E: haptic gloves; F: real impact wrench.
Fig 2.
The diagram shows the procedure during the real and virtual tasks.
Fig 3.
Mean completion times for the real only group (RO red), the minimal cue group (NC dark pink) and the multisensory group (ATV light pink) across all five trials. The error bars represent standard error (SE).
Fig 4.
Mean completion times across three groups in all five trials fitted with exponential curve.
The error bars represent standard error (SE). The X offset indicates a head start for two virtual training groups (RO = real only, NC–No Cues during VR training, ATV—VR training with additional augmented multisensory cues).
Fig 5.
Error penalties across groups.
The graph shows the amount of 5 seconds penalties recorded during the real task in each group (top of the bar). One error penalty (5 sec) was scored for each bolt that was not correctly tightened. Figures in brackets show the number of participants in that group who received error penalties—it was 9 participants in the RO group, 12 participants in the NC group, and 10 participants in the ATV group.
Fig 6.
Overall cognitive workload in all subscales across all experimental groups. Error bars represent SEM.
Fig 7.
Mean ratings for two VR training groups on PQ subscales.
Higher scores indicate a higher feeling of presence. The error bars represent SEM. Significant differences were observed on sensory subscale (p < 0.001).
Fig 8.
Overall means of weighted scores for discomfort ratings obtained during the virtual training via the Simulation Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). Error bars represent SEM.
Table 1.
Mean SSQ data for both VR training groups.