Fig 1.
Study area in Schleswig-Holstein, Northern Germany.
Table 1.
Treatments.
Fig 2.
Life cycle graph for J. vulgaris and the corresponding transition matrix.
Boxes indicate life stages, arrows represent the possible transitions between them, and letters show the connection between each transition and its matrix entry (F, fecundity; G, growth; S, stasis; R, retrogression).
Fig 3.
Abundance of J. vulgaris plants per one square meter according to treatment and year.
In the box plots, the middle lines represent the median, boxes represent the first and third quartiles, lower and upper bars represent the minimum and the maximum, and points represent outliers (i.e. points above 1.5 SD). There were no significant differences between treatments (TukeyHSD, P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 4.
Abundance of flowering J. vulgaris plants per one square meter according to treatment and year.
In the box plots, the middle lines represent the median, boxes represent the first and third quartiles, lower and upper bars represent the minimum and the maximum, and points represent outliers (i.e. points above 1.5 SD). Different letters indicate significant differences between the years within the treatments (TukeyHSD, P ≤ 0.05).
Fig 5.
Population growth rates for treatments according to years.
Shown are the means ± 95% CI. Treatments did not differ significantly. Constant population is marked with the line λ = 1.
Fig 6.
Contribution of vital rates to the difference in population growth rate (Δλ) between the control and other treatments (bio I, biodiversity 1; bio II, biodiversity 2; cutflower, flower cut treatment; combi I, combination treatment 1; combi II, combination 2; cutseed, seed cut treatment) in the pooled J. vulgaris population, as determined by LTRE (life-table response experiment) analysis.
Bar sections above zero display the summed positive contributions (orange) and bar sections below zero the summed negative contributions (blue).
Fig 7.
Species richness according to year and treatment.
For explanation of the boxplot, refer to Fig 3. Different letters indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05; Tukey HSD) between years within one treatment. Dashed lines indicate mean species richness in 2015 (lower line) and 2019 (upper line).
Fig 8.
Percentage of value species per year and treatment.
For explanation of the boxplot, refer to Fig 3. Different letters indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05; Tukey HSD) between years within one treatment.