Fig 1.
A. Situation in Europe in 1491 and the warring parties involved; B. Location of the Jacobins convent outside the walls of the city of Rennes.
Fig 2.
Distribution of burials according to their location (points) and density (heatmap) in the Jacobin convent from the late 14th to the 16th century; photos of archaeological excavation of the mass Gr. 322 and 337.
The blue color represents rivers and the grey-brown the city moat.
Fig 3.
Lesions and paleopathological data for individuals recovered from Gr. 337.
Each box represents one individual characterized by its numeric ID (S8 Fig in S1 File). The skeleton schematics represent the reconstructed in situ grave position. Red stars on gray body shape point to the location of traumatic injuries. Black circles and rectangles indicate macroscopic observations of traumatic injuries on bones and selected epifluorescence macroscope photos (profile a, b and posterior view, S6 Fig in S1 File). See supplementary information for a better observation of the lesions.
Fig 4.
Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur isotopes values within Jacobins’ mass graves.
To the top: Sulfur isotope composition of human remains across Europe according to Bataille et al., this issue [13] and δ34S values for individuals of the Jacobins’ mass graves. The first point represents the average δ34S values from childhood and is based on teeth roots’ collagen, the second point represents the average δ34S values from adulthood and is based on bones’ collagen, the local range represents the animals range according Colleter et al. [57]. Middle: Nitrogen and carbon isotope values of the teeth and bones of the individuals from the mass graves 322 and 337, compared to the individuals buried within the convent (inside and outside. Bottom: Carbon and nitrogen ratios in the collagen of the bone for the individuals of the mass Gr. 322 and 337. The colors indicate the provenance of the individuals, based on their δ34S, grey when values are unknown.
Fig 5.
Nitrogen and sulfur isotope data of the soldiers in the graves 337 and 322 in relation to their wound marks on bones.
T stands for teeth values and B for bones.
Fig 6.
Maps showing the probability of childhood origin of all individuals for which teeth were available in the mass graves.
Maps of possible geographical origins are calculated by comparing predicted isotope variations on the landscape with isotope analyses from tooth enamel for Sr and O isotopes and from tooth’s collagen for S isotopes [13]. Single, dual and triple isotope geographic assignments were performed for each individual but only the results from triple isotope geographic assignments are displayed. For individuals 20787 and 20788, not enough collagen was preserved for analyzing δ34S values and only dual Sr-O isotope geographic assignments are displayed.
Fig 7.
Maps showing the location of residence of all recovered individuals (for which bones were available) towards the end of their life.
Maps of possible geographical origins are based on δ34S values. The probability maps are averaged by group: Gr. 322: 4 individuals; Gr 337 riders: 3 individuals identified as riders; Gr. 337; Other: 18 individuals. To generate these figures see Bataille et al., in this issue [13].